Topic_D_DNA___Genomics_H2_2015

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE H2 Biology DNA and Genomics J1/2015 1 DNA AND GENOMICS Learning Outcomes Core Topic 2 – DNA and Genomics Candidates should be able to (a) Describe the structure and roles of DNA and RNA (tRNA, rRNA and mRNA). (Mitochondrial DNA is not required.) (b) Describe the process of DNA replication and the exp erimental evidence for semi -conservative replication. (c) Describe how the information on DNA is used to synthesize polypeptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (Description of the processes of transcription, formation of mRNA from pre -mRNA and translation is required.) (d) Explain how a change in the sequence of DNA nucleotide (gene mutation) may affect the amino acid sequence in a protein, and hence the phenotype of the organism e.g. sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis. (Knowledge of substitution, addition, de letion and frameshift mutation is required.) Content Outline 1. Introduction 2. Nucleic Acids (a) Structure of nucleotides (b) Structure of polynucleotides (c) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (d) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) (e) Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA 3. DNA Replication (a) Models of DNA replication (b) Evidence for semi-conservative DNA replication (c) Semi-conservative replication (d) Importance of base-pairing and hydrogen bonding in DNA 4. Gene Expression (a) The Central Dogma of molecular biology (b) Transcription (c) Post-transcriptional modification (d) The Genetic Code (e) Translation (f) Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression 5. Gene Mutation and its Effects (a) Types of gene mutation (b) Effects of gene mutation (c) Sickle Cell Anaemia (d) Cystic fibrosis

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE H2 Biology DNA and Genomics J1/2015 2 References 1. Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K. and Watts P. (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition. Chapter 6: How cells read the genome: From DNA to Protein. Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group. 2. Campbell N. A. and Reece J. B. (2008). Biology. Chapter 5: T he structure and function of biological molecules. 8th Edition. Benjamin Cummings Publishing, Inc. 3. Campbell N. A. and Reece J. B. (2008). Biology. Chapter 16: The molecular basis of inheritance. 8th Edition. Benjamin Cummings Publishing, Inc. 4. Campbell N. A . and Reece J. B. (2008). Biology. Chapter 17: From gene to protein. 8th Edition. Benjamin Cummings Publishing, Inc. 5. Clegg C. J. and MacKean D. J. (2000). Advanced Biology – Principles and Applications. Chapter 9: The nucleus in division and interphase. 2nd Edition. John Murray Publishers Ltd. 6. Jones M. and Jones G. (2004). Advance Biology. Chapter 5: DNA and protein synthesis. 1 st Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1. Introduction The American James Watson and Englishman Francis Crick solved the puzzle of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure. Watson saw an X -ray diffraction image of DNA (below, right) rev