RESPIRATION

1 EJC H2 Biology T3W7 Respiration Respiration 1. Overview of Topic Cellular respiration is defined as ‘the process by which chemical energy in organic molecules is released by oxidation’ i.e. it involves metabolic processes which allow organisms to obtain energy from organic molecules. Under this broad definition, there are 2 main energy-producing pathways: (1) aerobic respiration which occurs in the presence of oxygen. (2) anaerobic respiration which occurs in the absence of oxygen. Respiration is an energy-releasing process. As ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell, main function of respiration is production of ATP. Part of respiration occurs in cytosol and part of it in mitochondria of the cell. 2. Learning Outcomes a. outline the process of glycolysis, highlighting the location, raw materials used and products formed (knowledge of details of the intermediate compounds and isomerisation is not required) b. outline the processes of the link reaction and Krebs cycle, highlighting the location, raw materials used and products formed (in terms of dehydrogenation and decarboxylation) c. outline the process of oxidative phosphorylation including the role of oxygen and the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration (names of complexes in the ETC are not required) d. explain the production of a small yield of ATP from respiration in anaerobic conditions in yeast and in mammalian muscle tissue e. explain the significance of the formation of ethanol in yeast and lactate in mammals in the regeneration of NAD f. investigate the effect of factors such as substrate concentration, type of substrate and temperature on the rate of respiration g. outline chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration (names of complexes in the ETC are not required). Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. 3. References Main references:  Campbell, Reece et al. (2015) Biology, 10th edition. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Co.  Raven, Johnson, Losos, Mason and Singer (2008). Biology, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill.

2 EJC H2 Biology T3W7 Respiration Contents 1. Overview of Topic ...................................................................................................... 1 2. Learning Outcomes.................................................................................................... 1 3. References ................................................................................................................. 1 4. Respiration - Introduction ......................................................................................... 3 5. Aerobic Respiration ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 4 6. Anaerobic Respiration ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 7. Other Substrates Used in Respiration ……………………………………………………..………....20