SRJC H1 GEO answer scheme

1 Name: _____________________________________ CG: ________ Date: ________________ SERANGOON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 H1 GEOGRAPHY 2018 Preliminary Examination Answer Scheme Section A DRQ 1 Rubric Criteria to hit Marks Reflection (i) How different is my answer from the rubric? (ii) Why is it different? (a) With reference to the context provided, select and describe sampling method(s) that the students could have used to identify participants for their survey • Use random sampling to identify specific blocks (num ber all blocks, use a number generator to select 3 blocks out of 5 blocks) • Use systematic sampling to identify specific floors in each block, followed by specific units in each floor ( for instance, select alternate floors such as the 1st and 3rd floors, then select alternate units on each floor) [3] (b) Suggest how the fear of crime can be shaped by demographic characteristics reflected in Resource 1. • Gender – Females may have a greater fear of crime than men due to perceived notions of physical vulnerability. Females may also have a greater fear of specific crimes (such as sexual assault). Gender likely to be significant in influencing fear of crime in the given investigation due to the higher proportion of females in the sample (17 out of 27). [5]

2 • Age – Third agers (60s to 70s) who are more physically fi t and mobile may feel less vulnerable and hence less fear, compared to fourth agers (80s and above) who are physically less mobile • Ethnicity – Native Swedish may feel more fear as they may believe they are targeted by “minority” groups. • Time of residence – Residents who stay longer may feel less fear due to greater levels of familiarity with the environment and its residents • Marital status – Widowed individuals may experience more fear as they do not have a partner watching out for their safety. The fear is likely to be amplified by gender, as most widowed individuals are likely to be female (as females tend to outlive their male partners). (c) Outline the strengths and limitations of the questionnaire survey (shown in Resource 2). Strengths • For sensitive demographic information, categories are provided • Use of semantic scale for most question enables responses to be more focused • Questions are worded clearly, with specific emphasis on fear of crime (which is the focus of the investigation) Limitations • Can be specific in defining “crime in public spaces”, as the perception of crime may vary across residents • Can be more specific in identifying the type of crime, and different crime elicits different levels of fear • Most of the questions appear to be close-ended questions, may limit the range of qualitative responses • Q13 is highly ambiguous as the impacts of crime on quality of life isn’t clarified. In addition, the scale of 1- 10 is too broad and participants may have issues [6] (d) Explain how the group may overcome ethical concerns they face in their collection of primary data for this investigation. • Informed consent – Before the session, the particip ant should be informed of the research focus, demands and risks associated with the interview [4]

3 • Be respectful when speaking to participants – do not pass judgment or make jokes about what they share • Do not ask sensitive information – Avoid asking personal information such as income, employment, specific age. As the focus of the investigation is on fear of crime, be wary when probing on past victimisation encounters. (e) With reference to Resource 3 and your own knowle dge, explain how the data collected can help in understanding the needs of the elderly in Hässelgarden senior housing and suggest how this investigation on fear of crime may be extended. How the data can help us understand the needs of the elderly • Social/emotional needs :  From the mental map, it is evident that places deemed as unsafe are places with “less familiar people”. Social connections to a community is hence an important factor in reducing fear.  The mental map clearly shows that “fearful place s” are locations that lack “natural surveillance” (ie: deserted). Some pedestrian flow is hence needed to give the elderly a sense of security. • Physical needs :  Places deemed to be unsafe are places that limi t mobility, in terms of visual navigation (ie: illumination) or physical navigation (ie: no clearl y defined paths, too crowded). Hence the elderly requires changes to the physical environment to facilitate mobility.  The mental map shows a clear distance decay effect, where places nearer to home are deemed as safer. This suggests that higher levels of liveability for the elderly can be achieved by placing amenities and services closer to their homes. Extending this investigation on fear of crime • Investigating different locations beyond Hasselgarden senior housing and do a comparative study [7]

4 • Investigate perception of fear among other demographic groups (such as higher-income aged communities) • Explore differences in perception of fear at different times of the day (night versus day)

5 DRQ 2 Rubric Criteria to hit Marks Reflection (i) How different is my answer from the rubric? (ii) Why is it different? (a) Using Resource 4, describe the spatial distribution of the 2005 Mumbai flood. - Uneven spatial distribution with the highest concentration on the western coast and south central of Mumbai while the interior is relatively intact. - In terms of land use, the worst affected are the inner and outer suburbs - Flooded areas follow the alignment of the railway system. [4] (b) Describe and explain how land use changes between 1966 and 2005, as shown in Resource 5, have increased the vulnerability of Mumbai to floods. Land uses which have increased the vulnerability - Build up areas increased by about 16% between 1966 to 2005. Larger impermeable surfaces (bitumen, concrete) in the forms of pavements, car parks,roads, highways which prevent infiltration of rainwater. With greatly reduced infiltration capacity, there is quick generation of overland flow when it rains. Higher population in urban areas means more people are at risk of flooding. - Airport and reclaimed land are also largely impermeable surfaces and with their compacted and flat surfaces mean greater likelihood of quickflow and inundation. - Removal of vegetation : means reduced interception storages, infiltration and percolation. This encourages overland flow at the expense of the slower baseflow. Greater proportion of the water will arrive at the channel and if the bankfull discharge is exceeded, flood ensues. A flashier response [5]

6 -Rivers/Streams are reduced. With fewer channelized pathways to transport floodwater away, rainwater accumulates quickly on urban surfaces resulting in pluvial flooding (c) With reference to Resource 6, explain how these human features could have contributed to a flood event. - Riverside settlements (slum by the river banks) – constitutes obstruction to river flow. Channel flows at these banks are constricted . the impermeable surfaces (roads, paved surfaces, rooftops) of these houses encourage rapid runoff of rainwater to the channel where a rapid rise means overtopping of excess water onto the land (floodplains). - Support pillars of the water/sewage pipes) also acts as physical barriers to the unhindered channel flow. - The huge amount of garbage (plastic etc.) can also obstructs the natural flow of river . They clog they clog, reduce the channel capacity to hold water and cause water to back up during rainfall, flooding the surrounding area. [4]