Paper 1 Theme 1 — Understanding the Cold War

H2History(Paper1)Theme1:UnderstandingtheColdWar OverallTimeline Date Event OngoingPhenomenaWWIIAug1939 Nazi-SovietPact1940 KatynForestMassacreJun-Nov1941 OperationBarbarossa1941 AtlanticCharter1944 WarsawUprising1944 MorgenthauPlan6June1944 DelayedopeningoftheSecondFrontSept1944 CommunistcoupinBulgaria SovietisationofEasternEurope[BPHRC]4-11Feb1945 YaltaConferenceFeb1945 DeclarationofLiberatedEuropeMar1945 KidnappingofthePolishProvisionalGovernmentApr1945 DeathofRoosevelt 12May1945 EndofUSlend-leaseaidtotheUSSRJuly1945 ChurchillreplacedbyAttlee 17July-2Aug1945 PotsdamConferenceJuly1945 USdevelopmentoftheatomicbomb6,9Aug1945 USdeploymentoftheatomicbombStartofBipolarityJan-Mar1946 DelayedSovietwithdrawalfromIran 22Feb1946 GeorgeKennan'sLongTelegram 5Mar1946 Churchill'sIronCurtainspeech 14Mar1946 Stalin’sPravdaresponse

Date Event OngoingPhenomena 30Mar1946 StartofGreekCivilWar 2June1946 CommunistgainsinFrenchandItalianelections 7Aug1946 SovietescalationofTurkishStraitsCrisis 6Sept1946 Byrnes' SpeechofHope 24Sept1946 Clifford-ElseyReport Feb1947 CommunistcoupinPoland 12Mar1947 TrumanDoctrine 29May1947 FormationofBizoniainWesternGermany 5June1947 MarshallPlan 2July1947 MolotovPlan 8July1947 PublicationoftheLongTelegram 22Sept1947 Zhdanov'sTwoCampsspeech 5Oct1947 CreationofCOMINFORM Oct1947 CommunistcoupinHungary Dec1947 CommunistcoupinRomania Feb1948 CommunistcoupinCzechoslovakia 20June1948 OperationBirdDog FirstBerlinCrisis 24June1948 StartofBerlinBlockade 26June1948 StartofBerlinAirlift 1Aug1948 FormationofTrizonia 25Jan1949 FormationofSovietCOMECON 4Apr1949 FormationofNATO 12May1949 EndofBerlinBlockade 23May1949 FormationofWestGermany 29Aug1949 SuccessfulatomicbombtestbytheUSSR 1Oct1949 FormationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina

Date Event OngoingPhenomena7Oct1949 FormationofEastGermany 14Feb1950 Sino-SovietFriendshipTreaty 7Apr1950 NSC-68 25June1950 StartofKoreanWar KoreanWar 5Mar1953 DeathofStalin27July1953 EndofKoreanWar 23Oct1954 DecisiontoallowWestGermanytoenterNATO 6May1955 AccessionofWestGermanyintoNATO 14May1955 WarsawPact PeacefulCoexistence15May1955 AlliedwithdrawalfromAustrianoccupation1955 RemovalofSovietbasesfromFinland17Apr1956 DismantlingofCOMINFORM23Oct1956 UNcreationofInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyHeightenedTensions23Oct-4Nov1956 SovietsuppressionofHungarianRevolutionOct1957 SputnikCrisis1May1960 U2Incident17-20Apr1961 BayofPigsInvasion4June1961 ViennaSummit13Aug1961 ConstructionoftheBerlinWall SecondBerlinCrisis17Oct1961 FormalisationoftheSino-Sovietsplit22-28Oct1961 CheckpointCharliestandoff16-29Oct1962 CubanMissileCrisis CubanMissileCrisisDetenteJune1963 Creationofhotline5Aug1963 PartialNuclearTestBanTreaty(PNTBT)

Date Event OngoingPhenomena2Aug1964 StartofVietnamWar VietnamWar14Oct1964 RemovalofKhrushchev20Jan1968 StartofTetOffensive1July1968 Non-ProliferationTreaty(NPT)21Aug1968 SovietsuppressionofPragueSpring12Nov1968 BrezhnevDoctrine3Nov1969 NixonDoctrine22-30May1972 Nixon’svisittoMoscow26May1972 StrategicArmsLimitationsTreaty(SALTI)26May1972 Anti-BallisticMissileTreaty(ABM)27Jan1973 ParisPeaceAccords22Nov1973 MutualBalancedForceReductionProposal(MBFR)30July-1Aug1975 HelsinkiAccords18June1979 StrategicArmsLimitationsTreaty(SALTII)TheSecondColdWar11Feb1979 IranianRevoluton17July1979 SandinistaCoupinNicaragua4Nov1979 StartofIranHostageCrisis24Dec1979 SovietinvasionofAfghanistan SovietsinAfghanistan4Jan1980 Carter’sgrainembargo23Jan1980 CarterDoctrineMay1981 OperationRYAN18Nov1981 ZeroOptionProposal8June1982 Reagan’saddresstotheBritishParliament12June1982 NuclearFreezerallyatCentralPark8Mar1983 Reagan’sEvilEmpirespeech23Mar1983 StrategicDefenceInitiative1Sept1983 ShootingofKAL007

Date Event OngoingPhenomena11Nov1983 US-NATOExerciseAbleArcher836Feb1985 ReaganDoctrine EndofBipolarity11Mar1985 Gorbachevcomestopower19-20Nov1985 GenevaSummitSept1986 Daniloff-ZakharovAffair11-12Oct1986 ReykjavikSummitMar1987 Iran-ContraScandal28May1987 MathiasRustIncident12June1987 Reagan’s“Teardownthiswall!”speech19Oct1987 BlackMonday11Nov1987 YeltsinAffair8-10Dec1987 WashingtonSummit8Dec1987 Intermediate-RangeNuclearForcesTreaty(INF)29May-3June1988 MoscowSummit15May1988 SovietwithdrawalfromAfghanistan8Dec1988 UnilateralSoviettroopreductionsMay1989 HungarydismantlesitsfencewithAustria DemocratisationofE.Europe[PRGHCBA]4-18June1989 Polishelections 23Aug1989 HumanchainfromTalinntoVilnius CollapseofUSSR25Oct1989 SinatraDoctrine9Nov1989 FalloftheBerlinWall16-25Dec1989 RomanianRevolution2-3Dec1989 MaltaSummit18Mar1990 EastGermanelections25Mar1990 HungarianelectionsMar-May1990 Lithuania,LatviaandEstoniaunilaterallydeclareindependence20May1990 Romanianelections

Date Event OngoingPhenomena 30May-3June1990 WashingtonSummit 1June1990 Chemical WeaponsAccord 8-9June1990 Czechoslovakianelections 10-17June1990 Bulgarianelections 3Oct 1990 Reunificationof Germany 19-21Nov1990 ParisSummit 19Nov1990 Conventional Forcesof EuropeTreaty(CFE) 31Mar 1991 Albanianelections 31Mar 1991 Dissolutionof WarsawPact 12June1991 YeltsiniselectedasPresident of Russia 12June1991 Russiadeclaresitself ‘autonomous’ 31July1991 BushvisitsYeltsinandNazabaevinMoscow July1991 MoscowSummit 31July1991 StrategicArmsControl TalksTreaty(START) 19Aug1991 August Coup 6Sept 1991 Lithuania, LatviaandEstoniarecognisedasindependent 1Dec1991 Ukrainevotesfor independence 8Dec1991 MinskDeclaration/ BelovezhaAccords 21-22Dec1991 Alma-AtaProtocols 25Dec1991 Gorbachevresigns 27Dec1991 YeltsinreplacesGorbachevat theKremlin 31Dec1991 USSRceasestoexist Reasons/ Manifestationsof Tensions US/ West Soviets Earlysuspicions● DelayedopeningoftheSecondFront Earlysuspicions● Nazi-SovietPact

US/West Soviets●EarlyendofUSlend-leaseaidtotheUSSR●Deploymentoftheatomicbomb ●InvolvementintheKatynForestMassacre●RefusaltohelpduringtheWarsawUprising●KidnappingoftheLondonPolesProvocations●IronCurtainspeech●RehabilitationofGermany,repudiatingtheMorgenthauPlan○Byrnes’speech○FormationofBizoniaandTrizonia○OperationBirdDog(provokingtheBerlinBlockade)●TrumanDoctrine●MarshallPlan(provokingtheMolotovPlan)●PublicationoftheLongTelegram(provokingZhdanov’sTwoCampsspeech,creationofCOMINFORM)●FormationofNATO●AccessionofWestGermanyintoNATO(provokingtheWarsawPact) Provocations●IranCrisis●SovietisationofEasternEurope,repudiatingtheDeclarationofLiberatedEurope○Bulgaria○KidnappingoftheLondonPoles○Hungary○Romania○Czechoslovakia●TurkishStraitsCrisis(provokingtheTrumanDoctrine)●MolotovPlan,andpreventingstatesfromacceptingMarshallAid●BerlinBlockade(provokingtheBerlinAirlift)●FormationofCOMECON●WarsawPactInterests●USneedforopenmarkets○AtlanticCharter○RehabilitationofGermany○MarshallPlan●USdesirefordemocraticgovernment○AtlanticCharter○DeclarationofLiberatedEurope○TrumanDoctrine Interests●Sovietinsecurityduetogeographicalvulnerability○NorthEuropeanPlain○OperationBarbarossa○InsistenceonGermanreparations○Sovietisationasasecuritycurtain KoreanWarUS Soviets China LocalActorsInitialreluctance●WithdrawalofUStroopsfromSouthKorea●Acheson’sPressClubspeech Initialreluctance●WithdrawalofUStroopsfromSouthKorea●RefusalofKim’sfirstentreaties Initialreluctance●Protractedcivilwarthatjustendedin1949●PreoccupationwithregainingTaiwan Consistentdesireforreunification●SuddenpartitionafterWWII●Kimrequestedforpermissionthrice●Rheeinitiatedborderskirmishes

US Soviets China LocalActors●ConditionalsupportbasedonMao’sagreementReasonsforentry●NSC-68●McCarthyism●FallofChina●AversiontoappeasementafterChamberlainReasonsforrelyingontheUN●MisguidedbeliefinSouthKorea’sabilitytodefenditself●DelayedrecognitionofKorea’sdirectimportancetoUSnationalsecurity●WantedtoshoreupUNlegitimacy●SovietswereboycottingtheUNSC,makingthispossibleReasonsforrollback●Expectationsofaquickmorale-boostingvictory●HopeofexpellingcommunismfromtheKoreanpeninsula●MiscalculationofChineseandUSSRnon-entry●MacArthur'smilitarysuccessesgavehimlatitudetopursuehawkishpolicy Reasonsforpermission●EndoftheBerlinCrisis●Nuclearparityachieved●USwithdrawal●PRCvictory●Sino-SovietFriendshipTreaty●USallianceswithJapan●MiscalculationofUS