Paper 1 Theme 3 — Safeguarding International Peace and Security

H2History(Paper 1)Theme3: SafeguardingInternational PeaceandSecurity QUESTIONSTOPREPARE ● Whyweresome____moreeffectivethanothers?○ UNOrgans○ UNSG○ PKO○ Reforms● Assesstheeffectiveness/ relevanceof○ UN○ UNGA○ UNSC○ UNSG○ PKO○ ICJ○ Reforms■ Sovereignty■ Great Power politics■ Operational constraints■ Regionalism● Effectivenessdependedon/ hinderedbyOREvaluatetheroleof:○ ColdWar [GA/SC/SG/PKO/ICJ]○ US[GA/SC/SG/PKO/ICJ/Reforms]○ USSR[GA/SC/SG/PKO/ICJ/Reforms]○ P5interests[GA/SC/SG/PKO/ICJ/Reforms]○ UNCharter / Structural weaknesses[GA/SC/SG/PKO/ICJ]○ Local actors/ requirement of consent [SG/PKO/ICJ]○ P5veto[SC]○ Entryof newmembers[GA]● Comparative○ Whichwasabigger hindrance: UNGAor UNSC○ Whichplayedabigger role/ moreeffective: UNGAor UNSC○ Whichhadreal power: UNGAor UNSC○ Whichplayedabigger role/ moreeffective: UNSGor UNSC○ Whichwasmoresuccessful: ICJor Reforms● Weirdquestions○ Revitalised/ moreeffectiveafter theColdWar [GA/SC/SG/PKO/ICJ]○ Sec-Genswereaproduct of their time○ Sec-Genshadtheir handstied○ Moresecretarythangeneral / morepassivethanactive○ Maintaininginternational lawwastheUN’sgreatest achievement○ UNsuccessesinmaintaininginternational lawwasdependent onICJ○ UNwasnot adequatelypreparedfor post-ColdWar challenges

○EndofColdWarchangedtheUNSG’srole○InherentweaknesseswererevealedwiththeendoftheColdWar○ColdwarrivalrymadetheUNGAmorerelevant/important○TowhatextenthastheUnitedNationsPeacekeepingmaintainedrelevanceinthepursuitofinternationalpeaceandsecuritysinceitsinception?○Problemsremainedthesame○UNSCreformwasthemostimportantaspectofreform○ReformsweremoreeffectiveaftertheColdWar CASESTUDIES Year(s) Issue UNGA UNSC Sec-Gens Peacekeeping1947 IndianPartition● Britain,inwithdrawingfromBritishIndia,partitioneditintoIndiaandPakistan Hiddenveto● NotdebatedduetoBritishinvolvement 1948-94 ApartheidSouthAfrica● Institutionalisedracialsegregation Ineffectivecondemnation● 1962:Resolution1761condemnedapartheidSouthAfrica● Thatsaid,itdidnotendapartheidnorpreventMandela’simprisonmentin1964Effectivecondemnation● 1987:UNGAadoptsavoluntaryoilembargoincludingover130nationsonapartheidSouthAfrica● Apartheidcollapsesintheearly1990s CooperationwithOrganisationofAfricanUnity,theCommonwealthandEU● 1992:UNobserverforcestomonitordevelopmentsinpost-apartheidSouthAfricawerecomplementedbyOAU,CommonwealthandEUstaff 1948- Israel-PalestineConflict● ContinuedviolencebetweenIsraelisandPalestinians,duetocompetingclaimsoverthesameland 1947:Constrainedbylocalactors● Resolution181(II)recommendedapartitiontoresolveviolence● Neverimplemented,duetofiercePalestinianoppositiontotheplan1980,1997:IneffectiveUFP● IssuepassedtotheUNGAaftertheUSvetointheUNSC● UNGAresolutionshavebeenignoredbyIsraelandtheUSMeaninglessresolutions● 1975:Resolution3379(“Zionismequalsracism”)passedthenrepealed 1967:Frameworkforconsensusbuilding● Resolution242passedunanimouslyafterweeksofnegotiation,despitemajoranimositybetweenIsraelandtheArabstatesinitially● ContributedtopeacetreatiesbetweenIsraelandEgypt(1979)andJor