Paper 2 Theme 1 — Search for Political Stability

H2History(Paper2)Theme1:SearchforPoliticalStabilityArgument Indonesia Thailand ThePhilippines Burma Vietnam Malaysia SingaporePre-IndependenceViolentandabrupt/peacefulandgradualdecolonisation 1949HagueAgreement●TheDutchwithdrewquicklyfromIndonesiainthe1949HagueAgreementunderimmenseUSpressure●Swift1950roll-backoffederalismestablishedonlyoneyearearlier Earlydemocracy●Self-governmentsince1907PhilippineAct●ElectedSenate,House,PresidentwithaFilipinisedadministration●10-yearindependencerunwayunderthe1934Tydings–McDuffieAct 1947Attlee-AungSanAgreement●BurmeseindependencewasobtainedinJanuary1948aspromisedintheAttlee-AungSanAgreement●Lowelectionturnoutinthe1951elections IndochineseWars●March1954:VCPsuccessattheBattleofDienBienPhu●Jan1968:TetOffensive●NorthVietnamrepelledUSattacksinthe2ndIndochinesewar,successfullyreunitingthecountryin1975 MalayanEmergency●Templer'spsychologicalwarfarecampaignwontheheartsoftheChinese●1954:5MalaystateshadbeendeclaredWhiteAreaswherethecommunistshadbeensubstantiallyovercome MerdekaTalks●MerdekaTalkssucceededonlyunderLimYewHock,afterthestrongsuppressionoftheSCMSSUriotsMergerwithMalaya●1962:MergerReferendum○PAPsecuredadecisivevictory,winning71%ofvotes●1963:OperationColdstore●Communistswerearrestedanddetained,removingleft-wingoppositionPoliticaltutelagebycolonialpowers OverrelianceonAungSan’spersonallegitimacy●Feb1947:PanglongConferenceandthePanglongAgreement●AungSantouredFrontierAreastogainminoritysupport●AungSangavetwoautonomousstatesfortheShansandKachins●July1947:AungSanassassinatedandreplacedwithUNu Earlydemocracy●1951MemberSystemgave6localofficialsfromtheLegislativeCouncil(including3Malays)experienceinhelmingministries●Electionsheldin1952,1955●Remainedinpoweruntil1955Elections:Alliancewon81%ofvotesand51/52seats,provingclear,masssupport Earlydemocracy●Self-governanceintheformofLegislativeCouncilandLegislativeAssembly●Electionswereheldin1948,1951,1955and1959●Fullinternalself-governmentin1959gavelocalleadersfullcontroloverinternalaffairs Historicalenmity KarenvsBurmans●ChristianKarensandBuddhistBurmansfoughtonoppositesidesduringthethreeAnglo-BurmesewarsthattoppledtheKonbaungDynasty Britishdivide-and-rule●EducationpoliciesfavouredChineseandIndiansattheexpenseofMalays●ProfessionaloccupationswereChinese-dominated○Dentists:89%Chinese,3%Malay○Engineers:71%Chinese,7%MalayJapanesedivide-and-rule●Malayswereofferedmilitarytrainingandpoliticalexperience●Indianscouldjointheanti-BritishIndianNationalArmy

Argument Indonesia Thailand ThePhilippines Burma Vietnam Malaysia Singapore●Chineseweresubjecttogenocide,e.g.SookChingMassacreGeographicdivisions Archipelagicgeography●252millionpeoplespreadacross18,000islandsand1.9millionsqkm Mindanao●76%Muslimin1903 LowervsUpperBurma●LowlandpeoplessharedBuddhism,acommondialectandricecultivationaroundtheIrrawadydelta●Uplandareaswerepopulatedbydiversecommunities,e.g.Chins,Kachins,Karens,Shans Ethnicdivisionoflabour●ChineselabourersflockedtoChinesesettlementsneartinmines●Indianworkersworkedinplantations●MalaynativesremainedinpeasantcommunitiesUnevenincorporation EastTimor●EastTimorwasnotpartoftheDutchEastIndies,insteadcolonisedbythePortugueseAceh●UsedtobeanindependentkingdomastheSultanateofAceh●Acehwasonlyconqueredin1904 Mindanao●HistoricallyindependentSultanatesthatnevercameunderSpanishrule LowervsUpperBurma●LowerBurma(annexedin1852)andUpperBurma(annexedin1886) EarlyYearsRebellionsandseparatism Regionalrebellions●1957PermestarebellioninSulawesi,1958PRRIrebellioninSumatra1950s:DarulIslamrebellion●SoughttoestablishanIslamictheocracy 1968:MoroNationalLiberationFront(MNLF)●1968JabidahMassacreangeredMoroMuslimsinMindanao●Continuedseparatistinsurgency,whichwouldeventuallyjustifymartiallaw Separatistgroups●1948-49:KarenNationalDefenceOrganisationroseupinrebellion,seizingMoulmein,BasseinandProme●ArakaneseandtheMonsdemandedseparatestates●By1962:10%ofthenationwascontrolledbyethnicinsurgents SocialContract●Malayswereguaranteedpoliticalsuperiority(Article153oftheConstitution)○ToppoliticalpostswouldgotoUMNOpoliticians○Yangdi-PertuanAgongwouldalwaysbechosenfromMalayrulers○Weightingvotesinfavourofruralelectoralconstituencies○Favourableadmissionsrequirementsincivilserviceandeducation○Specialallocationoflicenses●Chinesewereallowedtoretaintheireconomicpower○FinanceMinisterwasfromtheMCAuntil1974○Alsogranted

Argument Indonesia Thailand ThePhilippines Burma Vietnam Malaysia SingaporegenerouscitizenshipprovisionsOppositiontotheAlliance●Ultras(e.g.PASandPartaiRakyat)opposedUMNOandtheSocialContract●MCAopposedbythePAPandsubsequentlytheDemocraticActionParty(DAP)●MICfailedtogaintractionamongthediverseIndiancommunityRaceriots●1964RaceRiots,whichcontributedtothe1965expulsionofSingapore●1969RaceRiotspost-election,claiming196livesCommunistpresence PKImembership●PKImembershipreached1millionby1955and3millionbyearly1960s,secondinAsiaonlytoChina Communiststrikesandmembership●Phibuncollaboratedwithcommuniststoagitateagainstpost-wareconomicchaos●Streetdemonstrationsandworkerstrikeserupted●AssociationofUnitedWorkersofThailandgained60,000membersover2years1973-76:CPTresurgence●1973-75:1333strikes,322demonstrationsand30assassinationsofpoliticiansandfarmerleaders●1975NationalAssemblyElections:Socialistpartiescaptured13.8%ofvote 1946-54:TheHukbalahapUprising●Membershipswelledto20,000in1945●Wagedguerrillawarfarefor8yearsagainstUS-backedPhilippinegovernment●DefeatedbyPresidentMagsaysay'slandreformprogramme1969:NewPeople’sArmy●HuksandCommunistPartyofthePhilippinesmergedtoformtheNewPeople'sArmy●Allegedinvolvementinthe1971PlazaMirandabombingwouldjustifyMarcos’martiallaw 1946:AFPFLexpulsionofcommunists●Jan1946:AFPFLexpelledcommunist'RedFlag'guerrillasledbySoe●Oct1946:AFPFLexpelledcommunist'WhiteFlag'guerrillasledbyThanTun1948-89:Extendedcommunistinsurgency●Communistinsurgencyfrom1948-89,oneofthelongestintheworld VCPiscommunist! MalayanEmergency●Templer'spsychologicalwarfarecampaignwontheheartsoftheChinese●1954:5MalaystateshadbeendeclaredWhiteAreaswherethecommunistshadbeensubstantiallyovercome MerdekaTalks●MerdekaTalkssucceededonlyunderLimYewHock,afterthestrongsuppressionoftheSCMSSUriotsMergerwithMalaya●1962:MergerReferendum○PAPsecuredadecisivevictory,winning71%ofvotes●1963:OperationColdstore●Communistswerearrestedanddetained,removingleft-wingopposition Incompetentleaders Hyperinflation●Sukarno'snationalisationofnumeroussectors●1965:Inflationwas500%Recklessforeignpolicy●1963Konfrontasialienatedregionalneighbours●RecklessspendingonmilitaryintimidationtowinWestIrian Corruption●RoxasgaveUSrehabilitationfundstoaffluentfamilies●Quirinooversawriseofcorruptofficials('tenpercenters')whodemandedbribes●Electionfraud,tothepointwhereMagsaysayenlistedthemilitarytocollectballotboxesin1953elections BuddhistSocialism●UNupursuedBuddhistSocialismtoplacatecommunists,antagonisingnon-BuddhistminoritiesliketheBaptistKarensandChristianChinsandKachinsLandofHappiness●UNu's4-yearsocio-economicplantocreateaLandofHappiness 1967NationalLanguageAct●RecognisedMalayasthesolenationallanguageandthelanguageofinstructioninschools●SparkedangeramongminoritiesandfeelingsofMalaysupremacy

Argument Indonesia Thailand ThePhilippines Burma Vietnam Malaysia SingaporeSukarno’ssecularPancasila●Sukarno'ssecularPancasilaalienatedreligiousminoritiesinAcehandCelebes Excessivedebt●1965-69:StateclosetobankruptcywithPHP400millionofdomesticdebt 'failedmiserably'1958requestforNeWin'scaretakergovernment●NeWinstabilisedthepoliticalsituationover18months,makingUNulookweak1961StateReligionBill●RecognisedBuddhismasthestatereligionRenegingonArakaneseandMonpromises●Renegedon1960electionpromisestoestablishseparatestatesfortheArakaneseandMons●Originalplantoestablishseparatestateswasmetwithmilitaryopposition,sinceitdesiredcentralisedcontrolPoliticalgridlock1951-55Cabinetchanges●4Cabinetsinasmanyyears,involvingover4parties1955Electiongridlock●'BigFour'partieswerelockedinastalemate,discreditingtheparliamentarysystembyproducingaweakcoalitiongovernment●PNI:57seats●Masjumi:57seats●NU:45seats●PKI:39seatsSukarno’sprecariouspo