Paper 2 Theme 1 — Search for Political Stability

H2History(Paper2)Theme1:SearchforPoliticalStabilityArgument Indonesia Thailand ThePhilippines Burma Vietnam Malaysia SingaporePre-IndependenceViolentandabrupt/peacefulandgradualdecolonisation 1949HagueAgreement●TheDutchwithdrewquicklyfromIndonesiainthe1949HagueAgreementunderimmenseUSpressure●Swift1950roll-backoffederalismestablishedonlyoneyearearlier Earlydemocracy●Self-governmentsince1907PhilippineAct●ElectedSenate,House,PresidentwithaFilipinisedadministration●10-yearindependencerunwayunderthe1934Tydings–McDuffieAct 1947Attlee-AungSanAgreement●BurmeseindependencewasobtainedinJanuary1948aspromisedintheAttlee-AungSanAgreement●Lowelectionturnoutinthe1951elections IndochineseWars●March1954:VCPsuccessattheBattleofDienBienPhu●Jan1968:TetOffensive●NorthVietnamrepelledUSattacksinthe2ndIndochinesewar,successfullyreunitingthecountryin1975 MalayanEmergency●Templer'spsychologicalwarfarecampaignwontheheartsoftheChinese●1954:5MalaystateshadbeendeclaredWhiteAreaswherethecommunistshadbeensubstantiallyovercome MerdekaTalks●MerdekaTalkssucceededonlyunderLimYewHock,afterthestrongsuppressionoftheSCMSSUriotsMergerwithMalaya●1962:MergerReferendum○PAPsecuredadecisivevictory,winning71%ofvotes●1963:OperationColdstore●Communistswerearrestedanddetained,removingleft-wingoppositionPoliticaltutelagebycolonialpowers OverrelianceonAungSan’spersonallegitimacy●Feb1947:PanglongConferenceandthePanglongAgreement●AungSantouredFrontierAreastogainminoritysupport●AungSangavetwoautonomousstatesfortheShansandKachins●July1947:AungSanassassinatedandreplacedwithUNu Earlydemocracy●1951MemberSystemgave6localofficialsfromtheLegislativeCouncil(including3Malays)experienceinhelmingministries●Electionsheldin1952,1955●Remainedinpoweruntil1955Elections:Alliancewon81%ofvotesand51/52seats,provingclear,masssupport Earlydemocracy●Self-governanceintheformofLegislativeCouncilandLegislativeAssembly●Electionswereheldin1948,1951,1955and1959●Fullinternalself-governmentin1959gavelocalleadersfullcontroloverinternalaffairs Historicalenmity KarenvsBurmans●ChristianKarensandBuddhistBurmansfoughtonoppositesidesduringthethreeAnglo-BurmesewarsthattoppledtheKonbaungDynasty Britishdivide-and-rule●EducationpoliciesfavouredChineseandIndiansattheexpenseofMalays●ProfessionaloccupationswereChinese-dominated○Dentists:89%Chinese,3%Malay○Engineers:71%Chinese,7%MalayJapanesedivide-and-rule●Malayswereofferedmilitarytrainingandpoliticalexperience●Indianscouldjointheanti-BritishIndianNationalArmy

Argument Indonesia Thailand ThePhilippines Burma Vietnam Malaysia Singapore●Chineseweresubjecttogenocide,e.g.SookChingMassacreGeographicdivisions Archipelagicgeography●252millionpeoplespreadacross18,000islandsand1.9millionsqkm Mindanao●76%Muslimin1903 LowervsUpperBurma●LowlandpeoplessharedBuddhism,acommondialectandricecultivationaroundtheIrrawadydelta●Uplandareaswerepopulatedbydiversecommunities,e.g.Chins,Kachins,Karens,Shans Ethnicdivisionoflabour●ChineselabourersflockedtoChinesesettlementsneartinmines●Indianworkersworkedinplantations●M