Paper 2 Theme 3 — Regional Conflicts and Cooperation

H2History(Paper2)Theme3:RegionalConflictsandCooperation Issue ASEAN Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Singapore Philippines Vietnam MyanmarInterests●Confidencebuilding●Fearofcommunism●Earlyeconomiccompetition Interests●Fearofcommunism●TiestoUS●ProximitytoVietnam●PunishmentofVietnam●EconomiccooperationwithVietnam Interests●Fearofcommunism●Focusonnon-interference●DistancefromVietnam●FearofChina Interests●Fearofcommunism●Focusonnon-interference●FearofChina●Ambitionofregionalleadership●DistancefromVietnam●EconomiccooperationwithVietnam Interests●Fearofcommunism●Fearoflargerneighbours●TiestoUS●Economiclead Interests●Fearofcommunism●TiestoUS●DirectinvolvementinSouthChinaSea○ScarboroughShoal○MischiefReef Interests●ObjectiontoUNsupervision●DoiMoi●Economicstrainsofwar●DirectinvolvementinSouthChinaSea○Paracels○SpratlysFormationofASEAN Reasonsforformation●Fearofcommunism○VietnamWar○ChineseCulturalRevolution○Britishwithdrawal Reasonsforformation●Domesticcommunistthreats○CPTinsurgency○ProximitytoBCTrise○ProximitytoVietnam Reasonsforformation●Domesticcommunistthreats○MCPinsurgency Reasonsforformation●Suharto’smoderateforeignpolicy○EndofKonfrontasi●SoughttoexpressIndonesianleadership○IndonesiaRaya●Soughttofacilitateregionalself-reliance●Domesticcommunistthreats○GestapuCoup Reasonsforformation●Domesticcommunistthreats○ProximitytoMCPinsurgency●Soughttoconstrainitslargerneighbours Reasonsforformation●Marcos’moderateforeignpolicy●Soughttofocusoneconomicdevelopment “SlowYears” Reasonsforsluggishness●Needfortrust-building●Limitedinstitutionalstructures○Separatesecratriats○Lackofstaff○AMMsofFMs Reasonsforsluggishness●DisputewiththePhilippinesoverSabah●DisputewithSingaporeoverMacdonaldHouse Reasonsforsluggishness●DisputewithMalaysiaoverMacdonaldHouse Reasonsforsluggishness●DisputewithMalaysiaoverSabah Pre-AFTA Reasonsforunwillingness●PursuitofISI●Competitiveratherthancomplementaryindustries Reasonforenthusiasm●EarlypursuitofEOI ZOPFAN ReasonsforZOPFAN●Fearofcommunism○TetOffensive○NixonDoctrine○PRCentryintotheUN○Britishwithdrawalcomplete Reasonsforhesitancy●TieswithUS ReasonsforZOPFAN●FocusonregionalautonomyReasonsforZOPFAN●FocusonregionalautonomyReasonsforhesitancy●TieswithUS●Concernaboutlargerneighbours Reasonsforhesitancy●TieswithUS 1976BaliSummit ReasonsforBaliSummit●Fearofcommunism○Cambodia○Vietnam

Issue ASEAN Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Singapore Philippines Vietnam Myanmar○Laos●UncertaintyinChina●NeedforsolidaritywithThailandVietnam Reasonsforcondemnation●Fearofcommunism●Violationofsovereignty Reasonsforcondemnation●ProximitytoCambodiaReasonsforobjectionto5+2●RefusaltorecogniseVietnamReasonsforobjectiontoProximityTalks●RefusaltoframeconflictasacivilwarBreakingstance●“Battlefieldstomarketplaces” Reasonsforhesitancy●Focusonregionalautonomy○ChineseinvasionofVietnam●DistancefromVietnam●75,000refugeesBreakingstance●KuantanDeclaration Reasonsforhesitancy●Focusonregionalautonomy○ChineseinvasionofVietnam●DistancefromVietnam●AffinitywithVietnamesefightforindependenceBreakingstance●KuantanDeclaration●“MeetVietnamhalfway”●Murdani’svisittoHanoi●Suharto’svisittoHanoi Reasonsforcondemnation●Violationofsovereignty Reasonsforcondemnation●Violationofsovereignty Reasonsforinvasion●Historicalsenseofsuperiority○Loincloths○FrenchuseofHanoi●HistoricalexpansionismintoKampuchea●Kampuchea’sinstability●Sino-SovietsplitReasonsforobjectiontoProximityTalks●ObjectiontoUNsupervisionReasonsforwithdrawal●DoiMoiandeconomicfocus●EndoftheColdWarARF ReasonsforARF●USwithdrawal●EndofColdWar●FormationofAPECSouthChinaSeaReasonsforcondemnation●Violationofsovereignty Reasonsforcondemnation●FocusonregionalautonomyReasonsforcondemnation●Focusonregionalautonomy Reasonsforagitation●DirectinvolvementinSouthChinaSea○ScarboroughShoal○MischiefReef Reasonsforagitation●DirectinvolvementinSouthChinaSea○Paracels○SpratlysAFTA ReasonsforAFTA●PursuitofEOI●Increasedliberalisation○UruguayRound○GATTbecomesWTO●Newtradeblocs○EU○NAFTA○SouthernCommonMarket●APEC●AFCStrengths●Intra-ASEANtradedoubledfrom2003to2008Limitations●1995Indonesiaremovalof ReasonsforAFTA●GreaterpursuitofEOI ReasonsforAFTA●GreaterpursuitofEOI ReasonsforAFTA●GreaterpursuitofEOI

Issue ASEAN Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Singapore Philippines Vietnam MyanmargoodsfromCEPT●25%intra-ASEANtradeevenby2005Hazeaction Reasonsforhazeaction●1997haze●Economiccosts Reasonsforhesitancy●Cronyism●NeedtoclearlandfortransmigrationNewentries Reasonsforentries●Membershipcouldbeanincentiveforreform/meansforstability●EndoftheKampucheanwar●Marketsforproducts●CardagainstChinaImpactsofentries●Bendingofnon-interference○1997mediationinCambodia○1997MalaysiaFM’sadvice○1998Malaysia’sFMvisit○“Flexibleengagement”○“Enhancedinteraction”●China’sinfluence○CambodiaandtheSouthChinaSea●“Two-tieredASEAN”○LongerAFTArunwayforASEAN-4●Oppositionfromallies○1998SecondAsia-EuropeMeeting Reasonsforentry●ConsensualnatureofASEANWay●DoiMoi●EndofColdWar Reasonsforentry●USandEUsanctions●SLORCsoughttorehabilitateitsinternationalreputation TIMELINEYear Context ASEAN ASEANPolitical ASEANEconomic ASEANOther1954 ●FallofFranceinIndochina ●8Sept:FormationofSEATO195519561957 ●EndofMalayanEmergency

Year Context ASEAN ASEANPolitical ASEANEconomic ASEANOther195819591960 ●Sino-Sovietsplit1961 ●Late:Malaysiaproposed ●31July:FormationofASA1962 ●12Sept:PhilippinesclaimsSabah●8-17Dec:BruneiRevolt1963 ●12Apr:Konfrontasi●31July:ManilaAccord●Sept:Phil.-M’siaseverties ●31July:FormationofMaphilindo●Sept:DissolutionofMaphilindo1964 ●2Aug:VietnamWar1965 ●9Aug:S’pore-M’siaseparation●Sept:GestapuCoup●Suhartocomestopower●Marcoscomestopower ●Sept:KhomanandMendezdiscussrevivingtheASA●Dec:NasutionlooksforwardtoMaphilindo1966 ●3June:Phil.-M’siarestoreties●11Aug:EndofKonfrontasi●Mao’sCulturalRevolution ●Mar:RevivalofASA●Dec:DraftJointDeclaration●Dec:Revisionofsecurityclauses1967 ●ThanatandMalikcourtM’sia,BurmaandCambodia●8Aug:BangkokDeclaration1968 ●Jan:TetOffensive●Mar:JabidahMassacre●18Sept:RepublicAct5446●15Oct:Ramos’speechattheUN●Oct:SingaporehangsMacdonaldHousebombers ●Jan:TunIsmailproposesZOPFAN●Aug:2ndASEANMinisterialMeetingcallsforacooling-offperiod 1969 ●3Nov:NixonDoctrine ●Dec:ASEANFMsconveneonthesidelinesofaUNmeetingtodealwiththeSabahissue1970

Year Context ASEAN ASEANPolitical ASEANEconomic ASEANOther1971 ●PRCreplacesROCattheUN●Britaincompletesitsmilitarywithdrawal●16Apr:FivePowerDefenceArrangements ●27Nov:ZOPFANDeclaration ●27Nov:ZOPFANDeclaration 1972 ●July:MeetinginManilaonVietnam ●July:MeetinginManilaonVietnam1973 ●Jan:ParisPeaceAccords ●Feb:MeetinginKLonVietnam ●Feb:MeetinginKLonVietnam1974 ●ChinaoccupiestheParacels ●SecuritymeetingonVietnam ●SecuritymeetingonVietnam1975 ●Vietnam’scaptureofSouthwestCayfromthePhilippines●FallofVietnam,LaosandCambodiatocommunism●IndochineseRefugeeCrisis ●Nov:FirstAEMmeeting 1976 ●Sept:DeathofMao ●23-24Feb:BaliSummit○TAC○DAC○JointCommunique ●Mar:SecondAEMmeeting 1977 ●KLSummit●ASEANDialoguePartners ●ASEANPreferentialTradingAgreement ●ASEANSub-RegionalEnvironmentalProgramme1978 ●25Dec:VietnaminvadesKampuchea ●ASEAN-EUMinisterialMeeting ●FirstmeetingofASEANExpertsGroupintheEnvironment1979 ●7Jan:PhnomPenhfalls●Feb-Mar:ChinainvadesVietnam ●14Nov:ResolutionatUNGAonKampuchea ●ASEANFMshardenpositiononrefugees 1980 ●26-28Mar:KuantanDeclaration ●BasicAgreementonASEANIndustrialProjects1981 ●13-17July:InternationalConferenceonKampuchea ●ASEANIndustrialComplementationAgreement ●ManilaDeclaration○Definesobjectiveofprotectingsustainabilityandtheenvironment1982 ●CoalitionGovernmentofDemocraticKampucheaisformed

Year Context ASEAN ASEANPolitical ASEANEconomic ASEANOther1983 ●Jan:Bruneijoins ●Mar:5+2Proposal●Sept:ASEANAppeal ●ASEANIndustrialJointVenturesAgreement1984 ●DrySeasonOffensive ●Feb:IndonesianFMsaysASEANwillmeetVietnamhalfway●Mar:MurdanivisitsHanoi ●BangkokDeclaration○ListsASEANNatureReserves○Newguidelines1985 ●Feb:ASEANappealstoUSSRtocutaidandurgesinternationalsupportforKampuchea●May:ProximityTalksProposal ●AgreementontheConservationofNature 1986 ●VietnampursuesDoiMoi●18Nov:ChaimHerzogvisit ●Thailandwithdra