Paper 2 Theme 3 — Regional Conflicts and Cooperation

H2History(Paper2)Theme3:RegionalConflictsandCooperation Issue ASEAN Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Singapore Philippines Vietnam MyanmarInterests●Confidencebuilding●Fearofcommunism●Earlyeconomiccompetition Interests●Fearofcommunism●TiestoUS●ProximitytoVietnam●PunishmentofVietnam●EconomiccooperationwithVietnam Interests●Fearofcommunism●Focusonnon-interference●DistancefromVietnam●FearofChina Interests●Fearofcommunism●Focusonnon-interference●FearofChina●Ambitionofregionalleadership●DistancefromVietnam●EconomiccooperationwithVietnam Interests●Fearofcommunism●Fearoflargerneighbours●TiestoUS●Economiclead Interests●Fearofcommunism●TiestoUS●DirectinvolvementinSouthChinaSea○ScarboroughShoal○MischiefReef Interests●ObjectiontoUNsupervision●DoiMoi●Economicstrainsofwar●DirectinvolvementinSouthChinaSea○Paracels○SpratlysFormationofASEAN Reasonsforformation●Fearofcommunism○VietnamWar○ChineseCulturalRevolution○Britishwithdrawal Reasonsforformation●Domesticcommunistthreats○CPTinsurgency○ProximitytoBCTrise○ProximitytoVietnam Reasonsforformation●Domesticcommunistthreats○MCPinsurgency Reasonsforformation●Suharto’smoderateforeignpolicy○EndofKonfrontasi●SoughttoexpressIndonesianleadership○IndonesiaRaya●Soughttofacilitateregionalself-reliance●Domesticcommunistthreats○GestapuCoup Reasonsforformation●Domesticcommunistthreats○ProximitytoMCPinsurgency●Soughttoconstrainitslargerneighbours Reasonsforformation●Marcos’moderateforeignpolicy●Soughttofocusoneconomicdevelopment “SlowYears” Reasonsforsluggishness●Needfortrust-building●Limitedinstitutionalstructures○Separatesecratriats○Lackofstaff○AMMsofFMs Reasonsforsluggishness●DisputewiththePhilippinesoverSabah●DisputewithSingaporeoverMacdonaldHouse Reasonsforsluggishness●DisputewithMalaysiaoverMacdonaldHouse Reasonsforsluggishness●DisputewithMalaysiaoverSabah Pre-AFTA Reasonsforunwillingness●PursuitofISI●Competitiveratherthancomplementaryindustries Reasonforenthusiasm●EarlypursuitofEOI ZOPFAN ReasonsforZOPFAN●Fearofcommunism○TetOffensive○NixonDoctrine○PRCentryintotheUN○Britishwithdrawalcomplete Reasonsforhesitancy●TieswithUS ReasonsforZOPFAN●FocusonregionalautonomyReasonsforZOPFAN●FocusonregionalautonomyReasonsforhesitancy●TieswithUS●Concernaboutlargerneighbours Reasonsforhesitancy●TieswithUS 1976BaliSummit ReasonsforBaliSummit●Fearofcommunism○Cambodia○Vietnam

Issue ASEAN Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Singapore Philippines Vietnam Myanmar○Laos●UncertaintyinChina●NeedforsolidaritywithThailandVietnam Reasonsforcondemnation●Fearofcommunism●Violationofsovereignty Reasonsforcondemnation●ProximitytoCambodiaReasonsforobjectionto5+2●RefusaltorecogniseVietnamReasonsforobjectiontoProximityTalks●RefusaltoframeconflictasacivilwarBreakingstance●“Battlefieldstomarketplaces” Reasonsforhesitancy●Focusonregionalautonomy○ChineseinvasionofVietnam●DistancefromVietnam●75,000refugeesBreakingstance●KuantanDeclaration Reasonsforhesitancy●Focusonregionalautonomy○ChineseinvasionofVietnam●DistancefromVietnam●AffinitywithVietnamesefightforindependenceBreakingst