2023 TJC J1 Promos Ans Key

© TJC2023 8834/PromotionalExamination2023 [Turn Over Section A Answer the question. Cluster 1: Sustainable Futures and Climate Change 1 Resource 1 shows the changes in percentage of people living in urban areas in 1950, 2007 and 2030 (estimated). Resource 2 shows part of an urban slum in Nairobi, Kenya. (a) Using Resource 1, describe the changes in percentage of people living in urban areas from 1950 to 2007. Award 1 mark for each change described . Award 1 additional mark for supporting detail. • Generally all increasing from 1950-2007 • But great variations in changes, with South America and North America registering differences • Africa and Europe have almost comparable increases [4] AO2 (b) Suggest reasons for the projected changes in percentage of population in urban areas in Europe from 2007 to 2030 as shown in Resource 1. Award 1 mark for each explained reason. Award 1 additional mark for supporting detail. • Counterurbanisation • Reurbanisation • Global migration to global cities • Slow natural increase [5] AO2 (c) Using Resource 2, describe the characteristics of urban slums. Award 1 mark for each identified characteristic with cited evidence from the resource The urban slums are lacking in the following aspects: 1. Durable housing 2. Sufficient living area 3. Access to improved water 4. Access to improved sanitation facilities 5. Secure tenure [4] AO2

2 © TJC2023 8834/PromotionalExamination2023 (d) Explain how the concept of ecological footprint can help to measure sustainability. Award 1 mark for each explanation of the demand and supply side of measurement. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each explanation, where applicable. Indicative content • Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature. • Tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas: cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land. • On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a given population requires to produce the natural resources , a nd to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions. • On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity of its ecological assets. These areas can also absorb much of the waste we generate. • If a population’s Ecological Footprint exceeds the region’s biocapacity, that region runs an ecological deficit. [4] AO1 (e) Using examples, explain two problems associated with non -hazardous solid waste in urban areas of countries at low levels of development. Award 1 mark for each explanation. Award a maximum of 2 additional marks for further development of each explanation, where applicable. • Environmental problem including air and land pollusion • Economic cost of managing the waste generated • Social health effects,