summary and editing

Summarytips- Identifywhatthequestionisaskingfor Usingyourownwordsasfaraspossible,summarizetheimpact of test anxietyonstudents,teachers,andtheschool,aswellasstrategiestomanagetest anxiety. (i)impactoftestanxiety(ii)strategiestomanagetestanxiety - FollowthepassagechronologicallyORgroupanswersaccordingto(i)and(ii)- Useconnectors Addition Comparison Causeandresult Furthermore However Hence Also Conversely Therefore Summaryapproaches Method1(1): Replicate Method(2): Replace** Method(3): Rewrite(avoid) - Liftall8contentpoints- Useconnectorstosoundmorecoherent - Paraphraseadjectives(egbeautiful,small,wideetc) - Rewritethesummaryforittosoundcohesive **trynottoparaphrasenouns/paraphraseeverything,mightchangethemeaning NOTE- Itisbettertoleavemostofthepointsintact;paraphrase1-2wordsevery2points- Aimforahighcontentscore,defaultlanguagescoreis3/7- Avoidcopyingexamplesorelaborations- Tailorpointstothequestion(subject+verb=point)- ChangefigurativelanguagetosimpleEnglish Thereareseveralchallengesthatresearchersneedtoovercome.Atanydepthinthesea,theweightofthewaterabovepushesonanyobjectbelowit.Todescendtogreaterdepths,submarinesandequipmentmustbeabletohandletheenormouspressuresofwater.Nolightreachesdeeperthan1000metres,hencethedeepunderwaterworldispitch-dark.Thewateris

completelydevoidoflight,makingitdifficulttocollectsamples.Navigationisdifficultunderwater,wheretherearenolandmarkstoserveasreferencepointsandglobalpositioningsystem(GPS)toguidetheway.Thethreatofattackbymarineanimalsalsomakesdeepseaexplorationperilous.Animalswhoareabletodefendthemselvesaswellasattackothersexistintheseaandmanyspeciesarestillunknowntohumans. Metalscanbeeasilycorroded,especiallyinmarineenvironmentswherethelevelofsodiumchlorideishigh.Hence,vehiclesandequipmentusedforunderwaterexplorationstrugglewiththisissue.Communicationisdifficultinwaterbecauseacousticwaves,whicharelessefficient,areused.Aboveground,radiowavestransmitdatanearthespeedoflightbutintheocean,signalsmustpassthroughwaterandthustravelmuchslower.Roversandvehicleswithoutdriverscreatemaps,measuretemperaturesandtakephotographsofhugeareasofseafloor.Hence,theyareexpectedtoworkreliablyforthousandsofhourswithoutmaintenancesupport.Topowersuchvehiclesforalongtime,theremustbeenoughstablepowersupplies. Vocab:Devoid-entirelylackingPerilous-fullofdangerorrisk Usingyourownwordsasfaraspossible,summarisethefactorswhichmakedeepseaexplorationdifficult. Deepseaexplorationischallengingbecause… Frompassage Inownwords theweightofthewaterabovepushesonanyobjectbelowit.x Todescendtogreaterdepths,submarinesandequipmentmustbeabletohandletheenormouspressuresofwater. submarinesandequipmentmustenduretheenormouswaterpressure Navigationisdifficultunderwater,wheretherearenolandmarkstoserveasreferencepointsandglobalpositioningsystem(GPS)toguidetheway absenceoflandmarksandglobalpositioningtoaid/helpnavigation Thewateriscompletelydevoidoflight,makingitdifficulttocollectsamples. completedarkness threatofattackbymarineanimalsalsomakesdeepseaexplorationperilous. possibilityofbeingattackedbymarineanimals

Metalscanbeeasilycorroded,especiallyinmarineenvironmentswherethelevelofsodiumchlorideishigh.Hence,vehiclesandequipmentusedforunderwaterexplorationstrugglewiththisissue. managetheissue/problemofcorrosionofvehiclesandequipment Communicationisdifficultinwaterbecauseacousticwaves, slowtransmissionsofsignalinwater,makingcommunicationhard workreliablyforthousandsofhourswithoutmaintenancesupport. ensurestableoperationsofvehiclesandequipmentformanyhours Topowersuchvehiclesforalongtime,theremustbeenoughstablepowersupplies. provideadequateandreliablepowersupplies Oneexplanationforwhywedreamisthatthebrainproducesrandomimagesduringsleepandtrickssleepersintobelievingthattheyarehavingrealexperiences.Alikelyoriginoftheword‘dream’is,appropriately,theSanskritwordmeaning‘deception’-butthisfailstoexplainwhydreamsappeartobesonecessary.Twocontradictorytheorieshavebeenproposed.Inthefirst,dreamsareseenasawayofallowingthebraintomaintainandreinforceexperiencesoftheday,meaningthatmaterialstudiedjustbeforebedtimewillberetainedmosteffectively.Thesecondtheorysuggeststhatdreamingallowsustoridthebrainofunnecessaryinformation,justasacomputercandeleteunwantedinformation. Dreamshavebeenconsideredsignificanteversince2000BC,whentheAncientEgyptiansproducedapapyrusdocumentcontainingrulesfortheinterpretationofdreams.Thisdocumentsuggestedthatawholedreamcouldbeconsideredintermsofopposites.Forexample,ahappydreamcouldpredictunhappiness.Furthermore,theindividualimagescouldbeinterpretedthroughassociation,sothatif,forexample,youdreamtofashoe,ajourneywasimminent. ItwastheAncientGreekswhosuggestedthattheremightbeaconnectionbetweendreamsandphysicalhealth,whichwasthefirsttimethattheinterpretationofdreamsdidnotmerelypredictfutureevents.TheGreekscreatedanumberofshrineswheresickpeoplecouldbetakentobecured.Here,thepatientswouldbegivenpotionstomakethemsleepand,whentheywokeup,theirdreamswouldbeanalysedbyapriestasaguidetodiagnosisandhealing. Vocab:

Contradictory-logicallyopposite,inconsistentInterpret-explainthemeaningofAssociation-amentalconnectionlinkingthings Usingyourownwordsasfaraspossible,summarisethevarioustheoriesastowhywedream,andthewaydreamshavebeeninterpretedandusedoverthecenturies. Onepossibleanswer astowhywedreamisthat… Fromthepassage Inyourownwords brainproducesrandomimagesduringsleep braingeneratesrandomimagesduringsleep trickssleepersintobelievingthattheyarehavingrealexperiences. deceivessleepersintobelieving/thinkingthattheyarehavinggenuineexperiences dreamsareseenasawayofallowingthebraintomaintain dreamsareviewedasawayofallowingthebraintomaintain reinforceexperiencesoftheday, andstrengthenexperiencesoftheday. materialstudiedjustbeforebedtimewillberetainedmosteffectively.x allowsustoridthebrainof unnecessaryinformation, ridthebrainof redundantinformation redundant-nolongeruseful TheAncientEgyptians..suggestedthatawholedreamcouldbeconsideredintermsofopposites anentiredreamcouldbeconsideredintermsofopposites theindividualimagescouldbeinterpretedthroughassociation, - theAncientGreekswhosuggestedthattheremightbeaconnectionbetweendreamsandphysicalhealth theremightbealinkbetweendreamsandphysicalhealth Tips- Considerthefullpassage- Befamiliarwithcommonerrors Steps:1. Readthroughthepassage

2. Duringthefirstread,circleanypotentialerrorsinpencil3. Readthepassageagain4. Confirmtheerrorsinpen(changeifnecessary) Commonerrors(i)Tenses- pastvspresentvspastperfectWeallworeredandwhiteclothesandsitdowninourseats. (ii)Subject-VerbAgreement- singularvspluralThisallowthosewaitingforaflighttovisitmanybeautifulplacessuchastherooftopCactusGardenandthelargeKoiPond. (iii)Pronouns- he,she,they,them,it- who,which,whom,thatAlthoughnoonewashurtinthisincident,about70sharkattackstakeplaceeveryyearworldwide,someof whomarefatal. (iv)Connectors- and,so,however,despite,although,thoughRafflessentthousandsofstuffedanimalskins,skeletonsandplantsbacktoEnglandsoalsokeptsomeanimalsaspetshimself. (v)Prepositions- in,on,above,under,atIamgoodinMath. (vi)Articles- avsanvstheHeisanEuropeancitizen.UniversityUnicornEuropean‘you’->aUmbrella->an Formanypeople,itistheirkickstarttotheday.Moreover,anewstudyhasfoundthat1. drinkingcertaintypesofcoffeecouldalsohelpedyoutolivelonger.Researchersstudied2. theelderlyinhabitantsofGreekIslandIkaria,whichboastthehighestratesoflongevity3. ontheworld.TheyfoundthatacupofboiledGreekcoffeecouldholdthekeytogood4. cardiovascularhealth,accordingtoanewstudypublishinginSAGEjournal‘Vascular5. Medicine’.However,thosewhodrinknormalcoffee,likethosefavouredintheUK,did6. notdisplaythesamegoodhealth,thestudyfound.StudyauthorDrGerasimos, bythe

7. UniversityofAthensMedicalSchool,said:“BoiledGreektypecoffee,whicharerichin8. polyphenolsandantioxidantsandcontainsonlyamoderateamountofcaffeine,seemed9. togatherbenefitscomparedtoothercoffeebeverages.”Ikariansaretwiceaslikelyof10.livepasttheageof90thaninanypart inEurope.Healthchecksandquestionnairesareusedtogetdetailsonparticipants’medicalhealth,lifestylesandcoffeedrinkinghabits. 1.help2.who3