[SAJC] Conflict and Cooperation Bosnian War (1992-1995) (2024)

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 1 Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) Topic 4: Bosnian War (1992-1995) SAJC History Unit, 2024 Learning Outcomes (from the Examination Syllabus) 4 Essential Questions for this topic: 4 Guiding Questions for this topic: 4 1. Historical Context of Bosnia 5 2. Introduction to the Bosnian War 6 2.1 Understanding root causes 8 2.2 Key Issues 8 3. Overview of Case Study: The Bosnian War 9 3.1 Background 9 4. Causes of the Bosnian War 10 4.1 Political Causes: Breakup of Yugoslavia 10 4.2 Religious and Ethnic Divides 12 4.3 Rise of Ultra-Nationalist Leaders 13 4.4 Ideological Causes 13 4.5 Economic Disparities 15 5. Domestic Actors 17

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 2 5.1 Key Domestic Actors 17 5.2 Interaction Between Domestic Actors and the Conflict Dynamics 20 6. International Intervention 20 6.1 Role of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 20 6.1.1 Enforcement of No-Fly Zones 20 6.1.2 Air Strikes and Military Intervention 21 6.1.3 Supporting the Dayton Accords 22 6.1.4 Long Term Security and Stability 22 6.2 Role of United Nations (UN) 24 6.2.1 Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Aid 24 6.2.2 Resolutions and Sanctions 25 6.2.3 War Crimes Tribunal 26 6.3 Role of European Union (EU) 27 6.3.1 Recognition for Bosnia and Herzegovina's sovereignty 27 6.3.2 Economic Sanctions and Embargoes 28 6.3.3 Post-War Reconstruction 29 6.4 Challenges, Impact and Legacy 30 7 Challenges, Impact and Legacy 31 7.1 NATO intervention (1995) 31 7.2 Dayton Peace Accords (1995) 32 8. Long-Term impacts of Conflict Management Strategies 35

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 3 9. Lessons Learnt 36 9.1 Role of International Organisations 36 9.1.1 UN’s involvement 36 9.1.2 NATO’s involvement 37 10. Reflection on Conflict Management 38 11. Conclusion and Food for Thought 38

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 4 Learning Outcomes (from the Examination Syllabus) Students are able to: ● evaluate causes of conflicts ● evaluate the roles of different actors in the development of conflicts over time ● evaluate the effectiveness of conflict management Essential Questions for this topic: • Why did conflicts occur and how did they affect the international order? • Why do countries/ethnic groups engage in war and conflict with one another? • Why do wars and conflicts usually remain protracted and difficult to resolve? • What are the consequences of war and conflict for affected countries and the region at large? • How effective were the attempts to manage these conflicts? Guiding Questions for this topic: • What were the historical and politic