9174 H2 P2 ASEAN SBQ Notes

README: TheremaybesomeSinglishand/or innuendosinthesenotes. Pleasedonot beoffendedor takenabackbythem. Thankyou:) Part I: PreahVihear temple ● Thetemplewasbuilt byaKhmer king, theKhmersweredirect ancestorsof Cambodians● Wastakenover byThaisintheformof theSiameseempire, whosawthemselvesastheheir of thegreat Khmer empire● Historical animositiesbetweenThaisandCambodiansresultinginwar. CambodiansresentedThai dominance+assimilationof Khmers. March1907Franco-Siamborder treaty● WhenfranceestablishedcoloniesinIndochina, theyclaimedterritorythat waswithinThai spheresof influence, whichwereperceivedbymanyinSiamtobe‘lost territory’***● Boundarywasdecidedalongwatershedlineof themountainrange, andPreahVihearwasinThai sideof watershed● But FrenchsurveyorsplacedPreahVihear inCambodianterritory, andThai legendsaysfellawasdrunkgot prettygirl thenpenslipetc● Thaiswerenot awareof thisdiscrepancyuntil 1934(VERYimportant torecognisethat in1934theydidnot raiseaclear objectiontothisandnor didtheyconduct their ownsurvey(albeit theydidnot havethecapacityto) WW2andpost-war context● Thailandseizedthetempleandsurroundingareas, reclaimingsomeof its‘lost territories’astheycollaboratedwiththeJapanese● Treatyof Washingtonreturnedborder topre-war status ● After Cambodiagainedindependencein1953, Thai militarymovedintoTempleareaandCambodiadidnot respondastheyfacedinstabilityandturmoil● Thailandonlyassertedsovereigntyin1956, whenofficialsraisedtheThai flagatPreahVihear. Alsobuilt apoliceborder checkpoint

It isimportant torecognisethesignificanceof thetempletobothCambodiansandThais Cambodianmotivations1) Nation-building: PreahVihear isseenasaniconof ancient cultural grandeur ofKhmers, andisarepresentationof Khmer identity2) Domesticpolitics: KingSihanouk(ruler of Cambodiaat thetime) wasmadeKingbytheFrenchin1941, andcampaigningfor templewouldgivehimmorelegitimacy Thai motivations1) Nation-building: Territory, religionandmonarchyaremaintenetsof Thai nationalism, andlosingPreahVihear wouldthereforeundermineThailand’sstability2) Theyhadalreadytakencareof andmaintainedthetemplefor solong, sowhygiveitup?3) Unwillingnesstogiveinto‘inferior race’ - Khmers. Manyprominent Thai nationalistssawthegreat monumentsandtemplesbuilt bytheGreat Angkor civilizationtonot betheworksof Khmers, but of Khoms, whowereunrelatedtotheKhmers. Henceforth, thetideof nationalismandthat historical negationismwasanother reasonwhytheydidnot wanttogiveintoCambodia. Also, inbetweenthesemotivationsisCW● Thailandwasfoundingmember of SEATOin1954, Cambodiawas‘neutral’ asit sawSEATOasprovocationof communists● Thailandreinforceditsborder withCambodiaasaresult● PRCandCambodiarelationsweregettingwarmer, andbothissuedastatementreferringto‘hostileactsbyCambodia’sneighbors’, whichledThailandtodeclarestateofemergencyalongitsCambodianfrontier Resolvedisputes ● CambodiasubmittedcasetoICJin1959 At ICJruling,● Thailandarguedthat 1907treatywasnot legally-bindingasit wasnever agreeduponbyjoint commission, andcitedtheir defactocontrol andmaintenanceof temple● Nonetheless, ICJhighlightshowThai commissiondidnot lodgeacomplaint to1907treaty, andtheyhadacceptedit for nearlyhalf acentury Lossof PreahVihear wasseenasaninsult byThais, whowerenow‘bowing’ toa‘weakernation’ that wasonceitsprotectorate Thai didnot respondtorulingingoodfaith

● BoycottedSEATOmeetings● But Thailandeventuallyacquised, but rather thantakingThai flagdowntemple, theyremovedthepoleandmovedit instead ToCambodiansthough,● ICJdecisionwasagreat victoryover aneighbour that oppressedthemfor centuries Cambodiaformallyrepossessedtemplein1963● KingSihanoukannouncedThaiscouldcometotemplewithout visa, andpermittedThailandtokeeprelicstheytookfromthetempledespiteICJruling● ThailandclosedaccesstotemplefromThai border Inthe1960sand1970showever…● Anti-communist government cametopower throughcoupagainst KingSihanoukin1970andestablishedKhmer Republic, andaffirmedthat thetemplewasnot worthfightingover, asthereal important issuewasfightingagainst communismtobothcountries● However, Khmer RougeoverranKhmer republicandestablishedacommunist stateinApril 1975● Despitethis, owingtoendof Vietnamwar andThailand’swillingnesstointegratecommunist statesinSEA, didnot want it tobecomesourceof tensionagain Late1970sand1980s● VietnaminvadedCambodiain1978, andissuewanedintobackground Late1980sand1990s● LackingUSSRsupport, VietnamwithdrewfromCambodia, andPRCwithdrewsupportfor Khmer Rouge● Templewastemporarilyopenfrom1992to1993andgovernmentscooperatedinitsadministration● Thailandgrantedtourist permits, Thai officialsprovidedsecurityandmaintainedfacilities2000sonwardshowever● Theysignedamemorandumof understandingin2000withrespect tolandborder etc,whichsignaledpositive….● HOWEVER, CambodianominatedPreahVihear asaUNESCOheritagesitein2001● UNESCOdeclaredit aheritagesitein2008, andtherewereavarietyof skirmishesfrom2008-2011 Part II: Sabahdispute● Twocommissionsof inquiryonpublicopinionwithrespect tomerger● August 1962: CobboldCommisionfoundmost infavor, BUTit wasnot areferendum

● BothPinayandIndorejectedthecommission, but it wasignoredbyMalayanleaders● July1963: Malaysiaagreement, stipulated31August 1963asdateof formationofmergedMalaysia. NOTETHATTHISWASDELAYEDbecauseof theUNfindings, whichshowedtheycaredabout their neighbours BothpinayandIndoreactedinanxiety, andpushedtofindasolution; ManilaaccordsinJuly1963: InwhichUNSecGenwastoinvestigateNorthBorneans’ support for merger ● UNreport foundthat most NorthBorneanswereinfavor of merger● BUTPhilippinesandIndonesiarejectedit byquestioningtheintegrityof thefindingsgiventhefact that therewasnomerger● Despitethis, Malaysiawent aheadandmergedNorthBorneotogether on16September1963 Phillipineclaim● Phillipinesmaintainedthat 1878treatybetweenDent brothersandSultanof Suluwasa‘lease’, andhencethePhillipineswouldhaveinheritedsovereigntyover Sabah● Anglo-Americantreatyof 1930didNOTincludeSabahaspart of philippines NOTE: Philippines’ claimwasnot pursueduntil 1962, whichwasdonebecause● President Macapagal wantedtodemonstrateitsindependencefromUSA, andriditselfof the‘brownlittlebrother’ stigma● Heneededapublicrelationsvictoryinlight of acorruptionscandal involvinghisparty+wantedtopresent himself assomeonewhowaswillingandabletodefendnationalinterests● Assuch, ManilasuspendedrelationswithKLtemporarily Malaysianposition● Inclusionof SabahandSarawakenlargedMalaysiaandenabledit tostanduptothemight of Indonesia● Communismwasgettingstronger inSingaporeandIndonesia, andhenceNorthBorneoofferedabuffer against communismBilateral relations● Despitethedispute, bothpursuedanti-communist rhetoric+MalaysiawasdrawntoPinoyduetoKonfrontasi Emergenceof tensions● JabidahMassacre1968: PinoyofficerssuppressedaMuslimMutiny, andMalaysiadiscoveredthat theyrevolteduponlearning that their missionwastoinfiltrateandfight aguerillawar inSabah● InJune1968, PhilippinesCongresspassedaresolutiondelineatingterritorial boundariestoincludeSabah● July1968ASEANcommitteeinBangkokwerefruitless, andMalaysiabrokeoffdiplomaticrelationsandboycottedall futureASEANmeetingsasaresult

Resumptionof bilateral relations● Re-establishedinDecember 1969at theThirdASEANministerial conference. Sincethen, Manilahasnot activelypursueditsclaimtoSabah●● InOctober 1978, Marcosofferedaborder-crossingagreement andjoinpatrol, but thiswasrejectedbyMalaysiaastheMalaysianswereinsistent that theSabahclaimmust berenouncedfor anysort of agreementstowork●● In1981, Mahathir cametopower.. Andsaidtheabove. ALSOinthat year areportsurfacedthat citedthepresenceof MorobasesinSabah, whichhintedMalaysiansupport for Moroinsurgents NOTE: PHILLIPINESSTILLHASNOTRENOUNCEDSABAHCLAIMMMMM Issuesthat impactedthedispute 1) Clashof nationalismandreligion ● MalaysiaandMorosshareaffinityinreligion. Malaysiawassympathetictowardstheirstrugglefor self-determinationandstatusasaminorityandtohavetheir ownstate,particularlyafter theJabidahmassacre● PMTunkuAbdul Rahmanbetween1968-1969triedtoraiseinternational support forMoroindependence, andevenwhenhewasSecGenof OIC(Islamiccooperation