2013 VJC History P1

VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations HISTORY 8814/01 & 9731/01 Date: 17 September 2013 Duration: 3 hours vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name, index number and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper, but start your answer for each question on a fresh piece of paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue and/or correction fluid. Answer FOUR questions in total. One from Section A and three from Section B. At the end of the examination, fasten and submit the answer scripts for Section A and Section B separately. Attach the cover page to the front of Section B. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are advised to spend no more than 45 minutes answering each question. You are reminded of the need for good English and legible handwriting in your answers. This question paper consists of 4 printed pages

VJC l History 8814/01 & 9731/01 l JC2 Preliminary Examination | 2013 2 Section A: The Political Effectiveness of the United Nations, 1945-2000 You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND POST-COLD WAR PEACEKEEPING 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A The problems, failures, and abuses of foreigners serving as UN peacekeepers and personnel are numerous. They are light ly armed if at all, retreat if challenged or attacked, rarely if ever protect innocent civilians, and put civilians who flee to them for protection at deadly risk by abandoning them when their lives are at risk. UN peacekeeping failures in the 1990s were partially responsible for the massacre of nearly 1 million innocent civilians and citizen soldiers…in Rwanda, Bosnia, and other places. During the same decade, 798 UN peacekeepers died too, including US soldiers, most notably 18 who were murdered, dismembered, and shamefully dragged through the streets of Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993. An American academic in a study of the UN published in 2012. Source B In the mid -1990s…Indonesia reached an agreement with the UN that human rights and humanitarian organisations could have access to East Timor. As a result, the UN arranged the first meeting of the All Inclusive Intra- East Timorese Dialogue (AIIETD)…On May 1999, the UN also helped to broker the peace settlement by sponsoring talks between the occupying power, Indonesia and Portugal, still regarded as East Timor’s administrative power… On May 5, 1999, they signed the Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the question of East Timor in which both Indonesia and Portugal formall y requested UN assistance in conducting elections…The UN complied and on July 11, 1999, the Security Council established the United Nations Mission i n East Timor (UNAMET) to organise the popular consultation on independence. An academic writing about UN peacekeeping, 2002. Source C "We've had some successes," said Mr. Annan, the director of all United Nations peacekeeping work. "Namibia, Cambodia, Mozambique recently, El Salvador, South Africa." "But I don't blame the public for not knowing what we ar e up to," he said. "We are not very good at public information." He continued: "Even in situations where there is no peace to keep, properly organised and properly led peacekeepers can make major contributions. In the case of Yugoslavia, they have fed several million people. They have been able to protect several safe havens.” An extract from an interview with Kofi Annan, 1994.

VJC l History 8814/01 & 9731/01 l JC2 Preliminary Examination | 2013 3 Source D The Somali peace talks under way here hit a snag today when one of the strongest factions said it had no confidence in the United Nations' ability to help the country and called on the United States to take up the role of mediator among the warring parties. The faction, the Somali National Alliance led by General Mohammed Farah Aidid, said in a statement that the Uni ted Nations Secretary -General Boutros Boutros -Ghali does not understand Somalia's "intricate political problems" and that his approach to peacemaking was "too meddling, too divisive and too secretive to produce any positive result for the betterment of Som alia." The group said it "no longer has any confidence in the leadership of the Secretariat of the United Nations." General Aidid has opposed the United Nations role in Somalia all along because he thinks Mr. Boutros-Ghali is biased against him and looks more favorably on his principal rival, Mohammed Ali Mahdi. From an article published in the New York Times, January 1993. Source E The general success of earlier missi ons raised expectations for UN peacekeeping beyond its capacity to deliver. Missions were established in situations where the guns had not yet fallen silent, in areas such as the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Somalia, where there was no peace to keep. These three high- profile peacekeeping operations came under criticism as peacekeepers faced situations where warring parties failed to adhere to peace agreements, or where the peacekeepers themselves were not provided adequate resources or political support. As civilian casualties rose and hostilities c ontinued, the reputation of UN peacekeeping suffered. A excerpt from the United Nations peacekeeping website. Now answer the following questio