CJC 2020 H1 Prelims

CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2020 H1 HISTORY 8821/01 Paper 1 The Cold War and the Modern World, 1945 - 2000 02 SEPT 2020 No Additional Materials are required. 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Start each question on a fresh sheet of paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions*. *Questions set on the Common Last Topic of the syllabus do not form part of the assessment. They will not be marked by the Examiners. Do not answer the following question from Section B: Question 5 on page 5 Turn to the question and cross it out by drawing a line through the question. The total time allowed for this Question Paper has not been changed. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 5 printed pages including the cover page

2 SECTION A You must answer Question 1. THE WORLD AT THE BRINK OF NUCLEAR WAR 1. Read the sources and then answer the questions which follow. Source A Their (US) first step was economic aggression. To weaken the revolution, they attacked on the economic front by taking away our sugar quota. They said, “Cuba depends on us economically. It is underdeveloped. Any government from which we take the sugar quota will surely fall.” The people responded with determination. The Soviet Union and other socialist countries - even though they had pl enty of sugar production of th eir own - agreed to buy our sugar so the revolution could withstand the blow. We got through that aggression thanks to the USSR. We had no protection from the inter-American system. But, thanks to the USSR, China and the other socialist countries, we had the sale of millions of tons of sugar assured. Our revolution could keep going. It was one step after another designed to blockade us. To drive us in a situation in which we would face shortages. The purpose was to defeat the Revolutionary Government which was working for the people and return to the old system of corruption. Adapted from a speech by Premier Fidel Castro to Cubans, on 23 April 1961. Source B *Khrushchev is depicted carrying a missile labelled with “Red “Technicians”” and “Rocket Threats”. Red is often associated with the Soviet Union. A cartoon published in an American newspaper, 1962.

3 Source C The urgent transformation of Cuba into an important strategic base by the presence of long - range, offensive we apons of sudden mass destruction, constitutes an explicit threat to the peace and security of all the Americas. This action also contradicts the repeated assurances of Soviet spokesmen that the arms build -up in Cuba would retain its original defensive char acter, and that the Soviet Union had no need or desire to station strategic missiles. on the territory of any other nation. Neither the United States of America nor the world community of nations can tolerate deliberate deception and offensive threats on t he part of any nation, large or small. This sudden, secret decision to station strategic weapons outside of Soviet soil is a deliberately provocative and unjustified action. Our objective must be to prevent the use of these missiles against USA or any othe r country, and to secure their withdrawal or elimination from the Western Hemisphere. We will not risk the costs of worldwide nuclear war but neither will we shrink from that risk at any time it must be faced. Adapted from President Kennedy’s television address to the people of the USA, on 22 October 1962. Source D After his trip to Bulgaria in May 1962, Khrushchev told us that, while staying in that country, he was thinking all the time of Cuba. He was worried that the Americans would organise an intervention in Cuba with the aid of counter -revolutionary governments in Latin America or would carry out a direct aggression. The objective of bringing Soviet troops and strategic weapons to Cuba thus consisted only of strengthening your defence potential. It w as a deterrence plan designed to stop the imperialist play with fire regarding Cuba. If the strategic armaments were deployed under conditions of secrecy and if the Americans were not aware of their presence in Cuba, it would have been a powerful means of deterrence. We proceeded from that assumption. From a memorandum of Soviet Deputy Prime Minister Mikoyan’s conversation with Castro, 4 November 1962. [Turn Over

4 Source E Declassified letters between Khrushchev and Kennedy revealed the extent to which Washington and Moscow cut Cuba out of negotiations, refused to consider Cuban demands and eventually resolved the crisis in spite of Mr. Castro’s objections. Focused on their global competition, the United States and the Soviet Union were clueless about the mind-set of the smaller, weaker, poorer party. Kennedy wanted Cuba off his agenda and he resolved never again to cave in to his advisers and critics, who had continued insisting for an invasion of the island, ev en after the Bay of Pigs disaster. Khrushchev, for his part, was worried about “losing Cuba” and decided in early 1962 to offer nuclear missiles to Mr. Castro to deter the invasion. But as Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs, the Soviet Union never intended to actually use the missiles; they were merely pawns in a game of superpower competition. While Cuba was preparing for nuclear war, Khrushchev and Kennedy were, unbeknown to Mr. Castro, moving toward a peaceful resolution of the crisis. Terrified that a cata strophic war might break out, Khrushchev took the initiative even as Kennedy was preparing an offer of his own. An article extracted from the New York Times, 25 Oct 1992. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provid ed in Sources A and B on Soviet influence in the context of the Cuban Missile Crisis. [10] (b) How far do Sources A – E support the view that the US was responsible for th e development of the Cuban Missile Crisis? [30]

5 SECTION B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2. How far did China’s security concerns influence the development of its relations with the Soviet Union? [30] OR 3. Assess the reasons for American involvement in the Second Indochina War. [30] AND EITHER 4. How effective was the United Nations in maintaining international peace and security after 1989? [30] OR 5. “The UN peacekeeping operation in Lebanon was a failure.” How far do you agree with this statement? [30] **** End of paper ****