2013 YJC H2 Geography P2 Insert

1 YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2013 H2 GEOGRAPHY 9730/02 PAPER 2 29 AUGUST 2013, THURSDAY 3 HOURS Insert READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST This Insert contains all the Figures and Photographs referred to in the questions. __________________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page.

2 FIGURES 1A AND 1B FOR QUESTION 1 Figure 1: Human Development Index (HDI) for selected countries in 2010 Figure 1B: Human Development Index (HDI) for most and least improved countries from 1980 to 2010

3 TABLES 1 AND 2 AND FIGURE 2 FOR QUESTION 2 Table 1: Number of births per 1,000 women and changes in fertility rates, Nepal, 1976, 1996 and 2006 Table 2: Percentage of currently married women aged 15-49 years using a contraceptive method, Nepal, 1996, 2001 and 2006 FIGURE 2 FOR QUESTION 2 Total fertility rate by education level, Nepal 2001 and 2006 17 In the Nepal model, the increase in contraceptive use explains roughly 95 percent of the decline in fertility. This means that changes in other determinants of fertility have had very little effect. To understand the fertility decline in Nepal, therefore, it is appropriate to examine factors related to the increase in contraceptive use. 5.6 Trends in contraceptive use The level of modern contraceptive use in Nepal has risen steadily over the last ten years (Table 12). Current use of contraception among currently married women increased from 29 percent in 1996 to 39 percent in 2001 and 48 percent in 2006. The increase in current use of modern contraceptives among currently married women was slightly higher (38 percent) in 1996-2001 than in 2001-2006 (22 percent). The proportion of contraceptive users who use modern methods (sterilization, injection, condom, pill, or intrauterine device [IUD]) has remained consistently high over the past 10 years, with only 8 to 10 percent using traditional methods such as withdrawal and abstinence. High levels of modern method use could help explain why the correlation between contraceptive use and fertility in Nepal is stronger than in the 100 surveys analyzed by Ross and Frankenberg (1993). Although male and female sterilization accounted for the largest share of modern contraceptive use in the 1996, 2001, and 2006 NDHS surveys, the proportion of contraceptive users undergoing sterilization has declined from 61 percent in 1996 to 51 percent in 2006. The proportion of contraception users using spacing methods (injection, condom, pill, implant, and IUD) increased from 30 percent in 1996 to 36 percent in 2001 and 41 percent in 2006. Table 12 Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 currently using a contraceptive method by survey year and method, Nepal 1996, 2001, and 2006 Modern Method Traditional method Survey year Any method Modern method Female steriliza- tion Injec- tions Male steriliza- tion Condom Pill Im- plants IUD Any tradi- tional method Periodic absti- nence With- drawal Other Not using Number 1996 28.5 26.0 12.1 4.5 5.4 1.9 1.4 0.4 0.3 2.5 0.9 1.4 0.2 71.5 7,982 2001 39.3 35.4 15.0 8.4 6.3 2.9 1.6 0.6 0.4 3.9 1.1 2.6 0.3 60.7 8,342 2006 48.0 44.2 18.0 10.1 6.3 4.8 3.5 0.8 0.7 3.7 1.2 2.6 0.0 52.0 8,257 Source: Pradhan, A, et al. (1997), MOH, New ERA, and ORC Macro (2002), and MOHP, New ERA, and Macro International Inc. (2007) Table 17 shows that the use of family planning methods by age has an inverted “U“ shape, with use being lower among younger and older women than among those at intermediate ages. Between 2001 and 2006, changes in contraceptive use were greatest (33.3 percent) among women age 15-19, followed by women age 20-24 (30.6 percent) and women age 40-44 (22 percent). The percent change in the use of contraceptives was low among women age 30-39 and 45-49. Table 13 Percentage distribution of currently married women using contraceptives by age and urban or rural residence, Nepal 2001 and 2006 Nepal Urban Rural Age group 2001 2006 Percent change 2001 2006 Percent change 2001 2006 Percent change 15-19 12.0 16.0 33.3 24.5 37.6 53.5 11.2 13.3 18.4 20-24 23.4 30.6 30.8 48.7 48.1 -1.2 20.7 27.4 32.2 25-29 40.2 48.4 20.4 58.8 57.6 -2.0 38.1 46.5 22.1 30-34 53.4 63.1 18.2 79.2 69.0 -12.9 50.4 62.0 23.0 35-39 56.3 64.8 15.1 80.0 71.4 -10.8 53.5 63.7 19.1 40-44 51.8 63.2 22.0 63.2 71.5 13.1 50.6 61.7 22.0 45-49 40.0 45.9 14.8 58.7 59.6 1.5 38.1 43.9 15.3 Total 39.3 48.0 22.1 62.2 60.0 -3.5 36.9 45.9 24.2 Source: MOH, New ERA, and ORC Macro (2002) and MOHP, New ERA, and Macro International Inc. (2007) 10 Figure 4 Total Fertility Rate by Education Level, Nepal 2001 and 2006 Source: MOH, New ERA, and ORC Macro (2002), and MOHP, New ERA, and Macro International Inc. (2007) * School Leaving Certificate, i.e., completed 10 years of schooling 4.8 3.2 2.3 2.1 3.9 2.8 2.3 1.8 No education Primary Some secondary SLC* and above Education level 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 Total Fertility Rate 2001 2006 The fertility gaps between women with no education and those with primary or secondary education narrowed between 2001 and 2006. However, women with SLC and above continue to have a TFR that is less than half that of women with no education. Compared to the 2001 survey data, the 2006 data showed an increase in fertility among women age 15-19 with primary or no education, whereas fertility decreased among educated women (data not shown). 4.8 Fertility differentials by castes/ethnicity and religion Although the 2001 Population Census identified 100 castes or ethnic groups in Nepal (Central Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Populatio