KQ2 Notes PDF

Regent Secondary School Upper Secondary Geography 1 Topic: Living with Tectonic Hazards- Risk or opportunity? Gateway 2: What landforms and associated tectonic phenomena are found at plate boundaries? Geographical concepts  Tensional force  Compression force  Folding  Fold mountains  Rift valley  Block mountain  Volcano  Pacific Ring of fire  Shield volcano  Stratovolcano  Composite volcano  Crater  Vent  Magma Chamber  Magma  Lava  Viscosity  Geothermal energy  Earthquake  Focus  Epicentre  Richter scale  Aftershocks  Tsunami  Vulcanicity Learning outcomes (You will be able to): 1. Discuss how plate movements influence the general distribution of landforms and associated phenomena 2. Describe the characteristics of landforms and phenomena associated with the plate movements 3. Explain the causes of landforms and phenomena associated with plate movements 4. Describe the structure of volcanoes 5. Explain the shape and size of volcanoes 6. Describe the benefits and risks of living in volcanic areas 7. Discuss the impact of earthquakes on people living in areas prone to natural hazard Skill: Draw annotated cross section of a volcano Skill: Draw labeled diagrams to show formation of Fold Mountain, rift valley, block mountain and volcano

Regent Secondary School Upper Secondary Geography 2 Landforms found at plate boundaries The movement of plates at different plate boundaries can result in various landforms such as Fold Mountains, rift valleys and block mountains and volcanoes Fold Mountains Examples: The Himalayas, Rocky mountains and the Andes • Fold mountains are formed along convergent plate boundaries • The compressional force causes the layers of rocks to buckle and fold. • This process is known as folding. • The upfold is called the anticline and • The downfold is the syncline. • When there is increasing compressional force on one limb of a fold, the rocks may buckle until a fracture forms. • The limb may then move forward to ride over the other limb • Over millions of years, layers of rocks when compressed and folded form fold mountains • Folding is more common in sedimentary rocks as they are more flexible

Regent Secondary School Upper Secondary Geography 3 Rift valleys and block mountains  Formed at divergent plate boundaries  When plates pull apart, it gives rise to faults- a fracture in the rocks along which the rocks are displaced.  The tensional forces from the movement result in parts of the crust being fractured. This process is called faulting. A rift valley is a valley with steep sides formed along fault lines. E.g. East African Rift Valley (divergent movement of Somalian boundary and Nubian boundary of the same African Plate. A block mountain is a block of land with steep sides. It is formed when sections of the crust extend along fault