Science__Luosuo_Version___1_

Knowledge and Inquiry Questions / ​ Parallels ​ / ​ Main Ideas Notes Science: Its Validity and Function Readings used so udh to read stufs 1. Bacon's Idols of the Mind Science began with ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN NATURAL PHENOMENA through CAUSE AND EFFECT with Philosophers such as... State 2 Significant Paradigm Shifts and what they suggest State Aristotle's’ 4 Causes Thales ● Theory: Everything is made out of Water ○ Water changes with temperature: Rock → Water → Air ○ Plants: Appear after Rain → Another form of Water ○ All living things require Water ○ All Land ends at Water: The whole Earth is Floating on Water ■ Has Emerged from Water ■ Constituted of Water Aristotle ● Causality: Aristotle’s 4 Causes (with the e.g. of the Statue of Liberty) ○ Material: The ​ Materials ​ x is Composed of ■ E.g. Copper, Iron etc ○ Efficient: Preceding force that ​ pushes x into Existence ■ Construction Workers, Soldering, Hammering ■ What brings the Materials together ○ Formal: Form, ​ Function or Essence ​ of x; what it does when it is Flourishing ■ Lady Liberty ■ Potential that can be Actualised > Conscious Choice ○ Final: What x exist “for the sake of”; the ​ ultimate purpose ■ Celebrate Freedom ■ Subjective ● Aimed to come up with Consistent Definition of Something //Ship of Theseus ○ In rejection of Materialism: That everything consists Solely of Matter ○ Find Essential and Accidental Properties: What is needed to make something something? //Aristotle & Thales: Trying to prove that x is made of y

Archimedes ● Testing the Purity of Gold through its Density ○ Practical Science Claudius Ptolemy ● Astronomy ● Ptolemaic System: Geocentric; with Earth as the Centre of System of Planets ○ By observation Nicolaus Copernicus ● Heliocentric System: Sun as the Center Paradigm Shift: Copernican Revolution ● Change from Geocentric to Heliocentric System → Science depends on Coherence > Correspondence, but is affected by Correspondent Truths ● Change from believing that humans were created by God to Darwin's theory of evolution: humans were descended from apes ● //Fallibilism: Finds Better and Better Perceptions of Reality > Finds Correspondent Reality Galileo ● Tradition in Religion vs Science: Trial due to Heliocentric Beliefs Isaac Newton ● Clockwork Universe Model: Determinism; the Idea that Humans have no Free Will Albert Einstein ● Theory of Relativity: Causal and Absolute → Causal and Relativistic; Newtonian Laws are the same in every inertial reference frame (what an observer considers to be at rest) ○ Laws of Physics behave differently in the reference frame of car going at a constant speed and reference frame of a car stopping ○ Explanation: https://curiosity.com/videos/breakthrough-junior-challenge-some-co ol-ways-of-looking-at-the-special-theory-of-relativity-ryan-chester Quantum Mechanics ● Planc