General_Epistemology_Key_Definitions_for_the_Desperate__1_

General Epistemology Key Definitions for the Desperate Term Definition Ordinary Doubt The doubting of the evidence of some Propositions Philosophical Doubt The doubting of every Proposition that is logically possible to Doubt Truth A property that a proposition can have, meaning it can be said to be true/false Correspondence Theory Correspondence theory states that a proposition is true if it matches with reality Coherence Theory Coherence theory states that a proposition is true if it is mutually and inferentially supported by a system of other propositions Pragmatic Theory Pragmatic theory states that a proposition is true if it is successful in practice or cognitively useful Belief An acceptance/conviction in the truth or reliability of a claim Justification To be justified is to have rational reasons or evidence for believing something to be true Perception Perception is a method of knowing where one is aware of a proposition through the senses, causing him to believe the proposition Direct Realism Perceivers directly perceive objects which exist independently of them Naive Direct Realism All the properties of Objects exist independent of Perceivers Scientific Direct Realism Some of the properties of Objects are dependent on Perceivers Idealism Perceivers actually perceive collections of ideas that exist dependent on their perception Phenomenalism Perceivers observe possible collections of ideas that are dependent on perceivers for their existence; when unobserved they exist as possible collections of ideas Memory Memory is a method of knowing whereby a subject remembers a proposition, causing him to believe the proposition Testimony Testimony is a method of knowing where a speaker tells a hearer a proposition, causing the hearer to believe the proposition Reductionism Reductionism states that we form beliefs based on Testimony because of Memory, Experience and Inference; Testimony can be reduced in to other Methods of Knowing and is not a basic Method of Knowing by itself

Non-Reductionism Non-reductionism states that we form beliefs based on testimony because of an innate faculty that is non confirmed by memory, experience or inference that causes us to trust the testifier Reason Reason is a method of knowing whereby logical methods are used, causing a subject to believe a proposition Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning refers to reasoning that moves from the general to the specific Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning refers to reasoning that moves from the specific to the general Abductive Reasoning Abductive reasoning refers to reasoning that makes the best possible inference from given evidence Introspection Introspection is a method of knowing where internal self-evaluation implies a proposition, thus causing one to believe a proposition Intuition Intuition is a method of knowing where immediate abstract