RI Knowledge and Ethics Moral Epistemology & Link to KI 2024
Uploaded by dontsueme · 4 December 2024
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RECAP In one sentence, characterize the following theories: Cognitivism / Non‐Cognitivism / Moral Realism / Moral Anti‐Realism / Moral Universalism / Moral Relativism / Moral Nihilism
Moral Epistemology How may moral judgments be supported or defended? Why should I be moral?
3. Moral Epistemology • Attempts answers to questions like “How may moral judgments be supported or defended?” or “Why should I be moral?” • Generally, those with cognitivist presuppositions about moral claims believe morality is justified by moral facts, and so their theories to justify moral judgments are epistemological theories.
3. Moral Epistemology • Major Positions • Theories that moral knowledge can be gained inferentially from non‐moral epistemic processes (as opposed to intuitionism) • Empiricism • Ethical Rationalism • Ethical intuitionism • Moral Scepticism is the position that no one has any moral knowledge. • Moral sceptics make a strong claim that moral knowledge is impossible. • Examples: • Error Theory • Most forms of non‐cognitivism
3. Moral Epistemology – Empiricism • Ethical knowledge gained through observation and experience, such as ethical naturalism (moral facts reducible to non‐moral facts), ethical subjectivism (since they are conventional, conventions can be observed) • Exceptions: Ideal observer Theory (Subjectivist, but rationalist rather than empiricist because appeals to hypothetical ideal observer) and Individualist subjectivism (known only through introspection) • Empirical arguments for ethics runs into is‐ought problem: What is does not entail (we cannot infer) what ought to be.
3. Moral Epistemology –E t h i c a l Rationalism • Moral truths are known a priori [do not confuse with Moore’s teleological intuitionism cited in slide 13] by reason alone • Proponents: Plato, Kant, more recently Hare (universal prescriptivism: imperatives, so non‐cognitivist, but universalisable, hence prescriptive/rationalist) • Critics: Hume • Compatible with: moral realism, ideal observer theory (a form of subjectivism) and prescriptivism (a form on non‐cognitivism)
3. Moral Epistemology –E t h i c a l Intuitionism • Moral truths can be known without inference. • Moral beliefs have propositional content. • A different kind of foundationalism about moral belief. • Compatible with ethical non‐naturalism (one subset of moral realism), but ethical non‐natural (nor moral realism) necessary for intuitionism; they just happen to be correlated for a number of ethical philosophers
4. Position to Explore? –E v o l u t i o n a r y Ethics • Can be observed in descriptive ethics • Fails in normative ethics because of is‐ought gap/naturalistic fallacy • In metaethics (project rather than position), offers decent account (explanation) of why we have certain views on right and wrong: the origins are in our evolutionary history • (Social) Darwinism and hedonistic connection with Bentham (severely discredited in the 20th century as some form of apol
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