RI Knowledge and Ethics Moral Epistemology & Link to KI 2024
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Text from the first pagesRECAP In one sentence, characterize the following theories: Cognitivism / Non‐Cognitivism / Moral Realism / Moral Anti‐Realism / Moral Universalism / Moral Relativism / Moral Nihilism
Moral Epistemology How may moral judgments be supported or defended? Why should I be moral?
3. Moral Epistemology • Attempts answers to questions like “How may moral judgments be supported or defended?” or “Why should I be moral?” • Generally, those with cognitivist presuppositions about moral claims believe morality is justified by moral facts, and so their theories to justify moral judgments are epistemological theories.
3. Moral Epistemology • Major Positions • Theories that moral knowledge can be gained inferentially from non‐moral epistemic processes (as opposed to intuitionism) • Empiricism • Ethical Rationalism • Ethical intuitionism • Moral Scepticism is the position that no one has any moral knowledge. • Moral sceptics make a strong claim that moral knowledge is impossible. • Examples: • Error Theory • Most forms of non‐cognitivism
3. Moral Epistemology – Empiricism • Ethical knowledge gained through observation and experience, such as ethical naturalism (moral facts reducible to non‐moral facts), ethical subjectivism (since they are conventional, conventions can be observed) • Exceptions: Ideal observer Theory (Subjectivist, but rationalist rather than empiricist because appeals to hypothetical ideal observer) and Individualist subjectivism (known only through introspection) • Empirical arguments for ethics runs into is‐ought problem: What is does not entail (we cannot infer) what ought to be.
3. Moral Epistemology –E t h i c a l Rationalism • Moral truths are known a priori [do not confuse with Moore’s teleological intuitionism cited in slide 13] by reason alone • Proponents: Plato, Kant, more recently Hare (universal prescriptivism: imperatives, so non‐cognitivist, but universalisable, hence prescriptive/rationalist) • Critics: Hume • Compatible with: moral realism, ideal observer theory (a form of subjectivism) and prescriptivism (a form on non‐cognitivism)
3. Moral Epistemology –E t h i c a l Intuitionism • Moral truths can be known without inference. • Moral beliefs have propositional content. • A different kind of foundationalism about moral belief. • Compatible with ethical non‐naturalism (one subset of moral realism), but ethical non‐natural (nor moral realism) necessary for intuitionism; they just happen to be correlated for a number of ethical philosophers
4. Position to Explore? –E v o l u t i o n a r y Ethics • Can be observed in descriptive ethics • Fails in normative ethics because of is‐ought gap/naturalistic fallacy • In metaethics (project rather than position), offers decent account (explanation) of why we have certain views on right and wrong: the origins are in our evolutionary history • (Social) Darwinism and hedonistic connection with Bentham (severely discredited in the 20th century as some form of apology for Nazi genocide) • Sociobiology: the biological basis for social behavior • Ethics evolved under pressure of natural selection: sociability, altruism, cooperation, mutual aid, are all explicable in terms of biological roots of human social behavior . • Moral conduct aids long term survival of species. • Prevalence of egoistic individuals make community vulnerable, leading to extinction. • Avoids naturalistic fallacy by not attempting to define good in hedonistic terms, but offers an answer to why we should be moral, except answer is not that we should but that it is our genetic heritage.
Past‐Year Exam Qns • Sound ethical judgements require that we step back from our feelings and make an objective and rational assessment. Critically assess this view. [Cam 2019] • 'Being moral is solely a matter of obeying the moral law.' Critically assess this view. [Cam 2014] • Critically assess the view that morality is just a matter of convention. [Cam 2011] • We do not have the right to punish someone, because we do not know what is wrong.' Discuss. [Cam 2010] • Critically assess the view that our moral knowledge is simply the consensus of the society in which live. [RI 2018 Y6 CT1] • To what extent can ethical inquiry give us knowledge? [RI 2015 Y6 Prelim]
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