RI Knowledge and Ethics Ontology 2024
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Moral Ontology What is the nature of moral judgments? Realism vs Anti‐Realism Ontology = essence, being, reality Aristotle: “first philosophy”
2. Moral Ontology • Attempts to answer questions such as “What is the nature of moral judgments?” • [Realism/anti‐realism (and Objectivism/Subjectivism) could be said to be ontological issues –t h e y are related –b u t we have already addressed them to help make sense of the semantic issues –w h a t do moral statements mean? –w h e n discussing cognitivism (the truth‐apt nature of moral claims)] • A key aspect in considering the nature of moral judgments is to ask who they apply to: • Moral Universalism • Value monism • Value pluralism • Moral Relativism • Moral Nihilism
2. Moral Ontology –M o r a l Universalism • Moral Universalism: some system of ethics or a universal ethic applies universally (regardless of race, language or religions… and culture, gender, nationality, etc…) • Source or justification may be human nature, shared vulnerability to suffering, demands of universal reason (universalisability), what is shared in existing moral codes/religious injunctions • Generally forms of moral realism though exceptions exist: Subjectivist ideal observer and DCT , and non‐cognitivist universal prescriptivism of RM Hare
2. Moral Ontology –M o r a l Universalism • Value monism • A common form of universalism, which holds that all moral goods are commensurable on a single value scale • Value pluralism • There may be two or more genuine scales of value, knowable as such, yet incommensurable, so that any prioritisation of these is either non‐cognitive or subjective • Eg: Value pluralist might agree that life as a nun and life as a mother both realise genuine values (in a universalist sense) but are incompatible (nuns may not have children), and there is no rational way to measure which is preferred, whereas a monist might say… (What do you think?) • Isaiah Berlin is a prominent proponent.
2. Moral Ontology –M o r a l Relativism • All moral judgments originate from societal or individual standards, no objective moral standards exist by which to assess the truth of a given moral proposition. • Descriptive moral properties of 'good', 'bad', 'right' and 'wrong do not stand subject to universal truth conditions, but only to societal convention and personal preference. Any norms/conventions will be societal or individual rather than universal, unlike scientific standards for assessing, say, temperature • Some, not all, relativist theories are forms of moral subjectivism, although not all subjectivist theories are relativistic
What’s the difference between a moral relativist and a universalist value pluralist?
2. Moral Ontology –M o r a l Nihilism • Nothing is morally preferred to anything else. • Eg: Killing someone is neither morally wrong or morally right. • Not subjectivism, as subset of relativism (which allows for statements to be true or false in a non‐universal way) but does
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