RI Knowledge and Ethics Semantics 2024
Uploaded by dontsueme · 4 December 2024
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Knowledge and Ethics Metaethics, Normative Ethics, Applied Ethics
• The second‐order activity of investigating the concepts & methods of ethics • Attempts to tell us what moral properties are • Metaphysical issues • Moral semantics • Moral epistemology • First‐order activity • Attempts to tell us what things can have what moral properties • Theoretical Concepts • Virtue Ethics • Deontology, etc META ETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS APPLIED ETHICS • Application of normative principles/ concepts • Attempts to inform us on which specific things have moral properties • Deal with real‐life examples e.g. war, abortion, euthanasia
MetaEthics Explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words Focuses on what morality itself is
Disclaimer • Different sources treat some specifics a little differently • This lesson is intended to introduce the basic issues and the relevant cases to explain them • Remember that our interest is in the nature and construction of knowledge in ethics
3 Key Questions 1. What is the meaning of moral terms/judgments? 2. What is the nature of moral judgments? 3. How may moral judgments be supported or defended? 4. What is the significance of disagreement about moral values and practices, and how do these affect us psychologically? Moral Semantics Moral Ontology Moral Epistemology Moral Psychology
Moral Semantics What is the meaning of moral terms/judgments? Cognitivism vs Non‐Cognitivism
1. Moral Semantics • Semantics => concerned with meaning • As metaethical question: • What is going on when people make moral judgments like “Abortion is wrong” or “Going to war is never morally justified”? • Issue: Not so much concerned with whether moral statements (such as the ones above) are true or false per se, but whether moral statements are capable of being true or false (are they truth‐apt). [cf: propositions] • On the surface (looking at the claims), such statements contain descriptive content that an individual can either hold to be true, or not. (Cf. A cat is on the mat.)
1. Moral Semantics Cognitivism vs Non‐Cognitivism • Cognitivism: The metaethical view that moral statements express truth‐apt beliefs about the world. • Seems to be default view of moral discourse because of observed structure of moral discourse. • If cognitivism were not true (non‐Cognitivism) how can we make logical inferences from one statement to another? • Non‐Cognitivism: moral statements are neither true nor false because they do not express genuine propositions.
1. Moral Semantics Frege‐Geach Problem • P1: It is wrong to lie. • P2: If it is wrong to lie, then it is wrong to get one’s sibling to lie. • C: Therefore, it is wrong to get one’s sibling to lie. • If moral cognitivism were not true, is the inference valid? • Would the above be an example of Modus Ponens? (Depends on propositions being truth‐apt) • Rejecting cognitivism entails showing the sentence “it is wrong to lie” in P1 and P2 to be so
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