RI Knowledge and Ethics Semantics 2024
Uploaded by dontsueme · 4 December 2024
Preview
Text from the first pagesKnowledge and Ethics Metaethics, Normative Ethics, Applied Ethics
• The second‐order activity of investigating the concepts & methods of ethics • Attempts to tell us what moral properties are • Metaphysical issues • Moral semantics • Moral epistemology • First‐order activity • Attempts to tell us what things can have what moral properties • Theoretical Concepts • Virtue Ethics • Deontology, etc META ETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS APPLIED ETHICS • Application of normative principles/ concepts • Attempts to inform us on which specific things have moral properties • Deal with real‐life examples e.g. war, abortion, euthanasia
MetaEthics Explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words Focuses on what morality itself is
Disclaimer • Different sources treat some specifics a little differently • This lesson is intended to introduce the basic issues and the relevant cases to explain them • Remember that our interest is in the nature and construction of knowledge in ethics
3 Key Questions 1. What is the meaning of moral terms/judgments? 2. What is the nature of moral judgments? 3. How may moral judgments be supported or defended? 4. What is the significance of disagreement about moral values and practices, and how do these affect us psychologically? Moral Semantics Moral Ontology Moral Epistemology Moral Psychology
Moral Semantics What is the meaning of moral terms/judgments? Cognitivism vs Non‐Cognitivism
1. Moral Semantics • Semantics => concerned with meaning • As metaethical question: • What is going on when people make moral judgments like “Abortion is wrong” or “Going to war is never morally justified”? • Issue: Not so much concerned with whether moral statements (such as the ones above) are true or false per se, but whether moral statements are capable of being true or false (are they truth‐apt). [cf: propositions] • On the surface (looking at the claims), such statements contain descriptive content that an individual can either hold to be true, or not. (Cf. A cat is on the mat.)
1. Moral Semantics Cognitivism vs Non‐Cognitivism • Cognitivism: The metaethical view that moral statements express truth‐apt beliefs about the world. • Seems to be default view of moral discourse because of observed structure of moral discourse. • If cognitivism were not true (non‐Cognitivism) how can we make logical inferences from one statement to another? • Non‐Cognitivism: moral statements are neither true nor false because they do not express genuine propositions.
1. Moral Semantics Frege‐Geach Problem • P1: It is wrong to lie. • P2: If it is wrong to lie, then it is wrong to get one’s sibling to lie. • C: Therefore, it is wrong to get one’s sibling to lie. • If moral cognitivism were not true, is the inference valid? • Would the above be an example of Modus Ponens? (Depends on propositions being truth‐apt) • Rejecting cognitivism entails showing the sentence “it is wrong to lie” in P1 and P2 to be some kind of equivocation (expressing, say, sentiment in P1, but something else in P2). • Primarily a response to Expressivism/Emotivism
1. Moral Semantics –N o n Cognitivism • Hume: Moral distinctions not derived from reason, but represent emotional responses; so, moral claims do not express beliefs which can be true or false, but desires, which are neither true nor false. • Logical Positivists (Vienna Circle): Anything not empirically verifiable is semantically ‘meaningless’ . • AJ Ayer (Emotivism): Moral expressions express speaker’s affective state. • “Abortion is wrong” ultimately means “I do not approve of abortion”. • Alan Gibbard (Norm‐expressivism): Moral statements do not express commitments to idiosyncratic personal feelings, but to the particular (and evolutionarily adaptive) cultural mores that enable communication and social coordination
Content continues in the PDF. Download PDF
Related notes
- NJC 2026 KI Summary NotesNotes/Practices · 2026
- NJC GE NotesNotes/Practices
- RI Knowledge and Inquiry Unofficial Compiled Notes v2.0Notes/Practices · 2023
- RI Recap Quiz for Scepticism Unit 1MYEs/CAs/Other Tests · 2023
- RI Answers to Recap Quiz for Scepticism Unit 1MYEs/CAs/Other Tests · 2023
- RI Structure of Knowledge Worksheet 2023Exam Papers · 2023
- Paper 1 Section A A Level Questions Compilation 2023 EditionExam Papers · 2023
- A Levels Essay Questions for Social ScienceExam Papers · 2023
- RI KI Aesthetics Intro 2024Notes/Practices · 2024
- RI KI Art – Theories of Beauty 2024Notes/Practices · 2024
- RI KI Art and the Aesthetic Part I 2024Notes/Practices · 2024
- RI KI Art and the Aesthetic Part II 2024Notes/Practices · 2024
- See all H2 KI notes

