MJC JC2 H2P2 HIST PE QP 2008

9731/2 NAME: _______________________________ CIVICS GROUP:________________________ JC2 HISTORY H2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 HISTORY 9731/02 Southeast Asia History, c. 1900-1997 10 September 2008 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics group clearly on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black ball point pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. Start each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions on this paper carry equal marks. Question Marks Total ______________________________________________________________ This document consists 4 printed pages. [Turn Over]

9731/2 2 SECTION A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN’S ENLARGEMENT AND REGIONAL STABILITY 1 Read the sources, and then answer the question. SOURCE A With Hanoi’s accession to the Treaty of Amity and Co-operation in Manila this month, the two former enemies – ASEAN and Vietnam – have reached a new high in their relations, which could eventually result in Vietnam becoming a member of ASEAN in the not too distant future. The inclusion of Vietnam in the ASEAN fold would give some confidence to the non-communist Southeast Asian grouping in its dealing with China. However, while this new phase of relations between ASEAN and Vietnam brings new opportunities to the Southeast Asian region, it is the employment of the so-called ‘Vietnam card’ by ASEAN which could also cause anxiety to China. A Singapore newspaper article on ASEAN-Vietnam ties, July 1992. SOURCE B ASEAN has owed its measure of success partly to an intimacy of limited scale and to a relative homogeneity of political outlooks. Enlargement to an ASEAN- 10 puts that quasi-familial culture at some risk as the association becomes a far more disparate entity, affecting in turn both consensus-building and decision-making. Moreover, the new entrants are likely to be a drain on the resources of the existing members as well as complicating their relationships with Western governments. An article by a professor of International Relations, at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1997. SOURCE C We think [the inclusion of Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos into ASEAN] will have a very positive effect on them. They are afraid of the democratic process, because they have never seen how it works. It is much more convincing to see how Malaysia manages its free market and its system of democracy than if they were to see the vague democracies of Europe. Over time, they will tend to give more voice to the people. But it is difficult for them to put their house in order so quickly. We can't wait until they put their house in order before admitting them to ASEAN. They become a member first, then put their house in order. Interview with Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad in Asiaweek magazine, 1997.

9731/2 3 SOURCE D As a close neighbour of Myanmar and a fellow ASEAN member country, Thailand is naturally concerned over her troubled economic and political situation. For uncertainty or, worse, instability, in neighbouring countries sooner or later has a way of affecting us, not least of all through border incidents and large influxes of displaced persons. Already faced with enormous financial and economic problems, our country can scarcely afford to bear additional security burdens or undertake more humanitarian responsibilities. Comment by a Thai Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister, at an Institute of Strategic and Development Studies conference, 1998. SOURCE E In the past, ASEAN states had a considerable degree of apprehension that China would use the countries with which it had close relations as a conduit for expanding in power and influence to Southeast Asia. With the enlargement of ASEAN, this fear has been considerably allayed. Common membership in ASEAN will lead to a greater homogeneity of the members’ perceptions regarding regional security. Such a situation will reduce unpredictability and minimise the opportunities for foreign intervention, or for an external power to play one Southeast Asian state against another. An article by a former Indonesian Assistant Minister/State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 2001. Now answer the following question. ‘ASEAN’s enlargement was crucial for regional stability.’ Use sources A-E to show how far the evidence supports this statement.

9731/2 4 SECTION B You must answer three questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2 ‘The differing nature of Southeast Asian nationalism adequately explains why independence was not achieved before World War Two.’ Discuss. 3 Did the rising tide of communism help or hinder the decolonisation process? 4 ‘By 1997, authoritarian governments in independent Southeast Asia had maintained control better than democratic ones.’ How far do you agree with the statement? 5 Explain why, by 1997, capitalism seemed to have emerged as the dominant economic structure in independent Southeast Asia. 6 ‘Economic disputes lay at the heart of interstate tensions.’ Discuss in relation to independent Southeast Asian states up to 1997. - End of Paper -