CJC Intl Hist Prelims 2008

CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2008 8814/01 9731/01 28 August 2008 HISTORY 3 hours Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 . No additional materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, submit Section A separately from Section B. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND ARMS CONTROL 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. SOURCE A The United Nations role in disarmament, rather than decreasing, is going to increase despite the end of the cold war. Of course, we don't foresee a global nuclear confrontation. That possibility has definitely decreased. Moreover, in the last four or five years, we have seen the conclusion of the CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty), the indefinite extension of the NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty), as well as the conclusion of the CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention). But all these treaties related to weapons of mass destruction, including the Biological Weapons Convention, assign the United Nations specific roles in cases of serious non-compliance. It was already decided at the 1992 Security Council Summit that a serious violation of the NPT may be brought to the attention of the Council. And the CTBT and the CWC both have similar provisions. Of course, they have to try to settle the problems of compliance first within their respective organizations; but if a serious issue develops which those organizations can't handle, then it will have to be brought before the United Nations. Ambassador Mitsuro Donowaki of Japan, Chairman of the UN Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, in an interview with the UN Chronicle, 1997. SOURCE B One Hundred Sixth Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the sixth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine. An Act to declare it to be the policy of the United States to deploy a national missile defense Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,. SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the `National Missile Defense Act of 1999'. SECTION 2. NATIONAL MISSILE DEFENSE POLICY It is the policy of the United States to deploy as soon as is technologically possible an effective National Missile Defense system capable of defending the territory of the United States against limited ballistic missile attack (whether accidental, unauthorized, or deliberate) with funding subject to the annual authorization of appropriations and the annual appropriation of funds for National Missile Defense. An extract from the United States National Missile Defence Act, 1999.

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008 SOURCE C The General Assembly’s first resolution, passed on January 24, 1946, created the UN Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) to make recommendations to the Security Council on methods to “deal with the problems raised by the discovery of atomic energy”. The Security Council members were appointed to the commission. At the inaugural meeting of UNAEC, the United States submitted a proposal to place all uranium mines, processing facilities, and fissionable materials worldwide under UN ownership in a new agency called the Atomic Development Authority (ADA). The ADA would then distribute “denatured” nuclear materials to national governments for peaceful uses. The U.S representative to UNAEC, Bernard Baruch, put forward a plan calling for penalties against states that violated ADA authority. The proposal met with immediate Soviet opposition. The Soviets insisted that the U.S nuclear arsenal had to be destroyed before any controls or UN ownership be set up. While the commission approved the U.S plan by 10 to 0 in December 1946, the Soviet Union abstained. John Allphin Moore Jr. and Jerry Pubantz, The New United Nations, 2006. SOURCE D The negotiations on a verification protocol to the Biological Weapons Convention made steady progress, and the fifty-fourth session of the General Assembly reinforced the growing recognition that the proliferation of small arms and light weapons is an issue of global concern. But, at the same time, there was a deplorable lack of progress on the overall disarmament and non- proliferation agenda. The START process has stalled. The entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty does not appear likely in the near term, though it is encouraging that the States involved in nuclear testing in 1998 are continuing their moratorium on further nuclear tests. The Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) review process itself, due to culminate at the next Review Conference in April, is shrouded in uncertainty. This year, I hope you will continue your search for compromises in a spirit of flexibility and with a real sense of urgency. The international community places great importance on your work. I hope you will not disappoint their expectations. Vladimir Petrovsky, Director General of the UN Office at Geneva, in a speech to the Conference on Disarmament on behalf of the UN Secretary-General, 2000. SOURCE E United States, Britain, France, West Germany, Ita ly, Japan and Canada have now committed themselves not to export missiles, their major components, production equipment and related technology without tough restrictions. The curbs are actually firmer than existing nuclear export controls, and in placing the burden of insuring compliance on the supplier instead of the recipient. The Soviet Union and China are not yet participants. Given the strong Soviet record on non-proliferation, there is reason to hope that Moscow will be included. China, too, has recently taken welcome steps on the non-proliferation front. The New York Times, “In Arms Control, a Quiet Success”, 1987. Now answer the following question. How far do sources A-E support the view that the United Nations was effective in maintaining arms control in the period 1945-2000?

This paper consists of 4 printed pages. © CJC 2008 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 To what extent was the out break of the Cold War due to American paranoia of Soviet expansion? 3 How far do you agree that the end of the Cold War was brought about by the triumph of forces from below? 4 The open-door foreign policy, export-oriented programme or agricultural reform – which factor best explains the growth of the Chinese economy from 1978-2000? 5 “American dominance in the international economy had almost disappeared by the end of the 1990s”. Discuss. 6 “A sovereignty dispute that developed into a protracted conflict”. Assess the validity of this statement with reference to the Arab-Israeli conflict in the period 1945-2000. ---------------------------------------------------------End of Paper--------------------------------------------------------------------