2023 H1 SAJC

© SAJC 2023 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2023 ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 HISTORY Paper 1: The Cold War and the Modern World (1945-2000) 8821/01 25 August 2023 3 hours No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front of the cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. _________________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page. [Turn Over

2 © SAJC 2023 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2023 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE KOREAN WAR 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A Korea has become a testing ground in which the validity and practical value of the ideals and principles of democracy that the Republic* is putting into practice are matched against the practices of Communism which have been imposed on the people of North Korea. The survival and progress of the Republic toward a self-supporting, stable economy will have an immense and far-reaching influence on the people of Asia. The Republic of Korea, and the freedom seeking people of North Korea held under Soviet domination, seek for themselves a united, self-governing and sovereign country, independent of foreign control and support. The United States has a deep interest in the continuing progress of the Korean people toward these objectives. The most effective, practical aid which the United States can give , will be to assist the Republic to move toward self-support at a decent standard of living. In the absence of such assistance, there can be no real hope of achieving a unified, free and democratic Korea. If we are fa ithful to our ideals and mindful of our interests in establishing peaceful and prosperous conditions in the world, we will not fail to provide the aid which is so essential to Korea at this critical time. *the Republic refers to the Republic of Korea, which is also South Korea. Truman’s speech to Congress regarding aid to South Korea, June 1949. Source B The Korean Government forces, which were armed to prevent border raids and to preserve internal security, were attacked by invading forces from North Korea. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the 38th parallel. This, they have not done, but on the contrary have pressed the attack. The Security Council called upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution. In these circumstances I have ordered the United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support. The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that communism will now use armed invasion and war to conquer independent nations. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and security. In t hese circumstances, these Communist forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that area. Truman's statement on the invasion of South Korea, 27 June 1950.

3 © SAJC 2023 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2023 Source C The American imperialists pushing their agents, the traitorous clique of Syngman Rhee, have begun military interference in the internal affairs of Korea in order to colonize our Motherland. American aircrafts began to bomb cities and villages beginning on 26 June. At 1100 hours, 26 June: Nine American aircrafts attacked the city of Kaesong, which had been liberated by the People's Army. At 1730 hours, 28 June: Six American aircrafts penetrated the Geumcheon area, north of the 38th parallel with the goal of attacking Pyongyang. On the same day, American aircrafts in large formations conducted an air raid on the city of Seoul, which had been liberated by forces of the Peoples' Army. Squadrons of the air force of the People's Army engaged the American aircrafts in battle and forced them to turn back. There were casualties among the civilian population as a result of the barbaric bombing. Report from the High Command of the North Korean People’s Army, 30 June 1950. Source D A Wounded Bear is a Dangerous Bear An American cartoon, 1951.

4 © SAJC 2023 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2023 Source E South Korea was disturbed by guerrilla warfare carried on by Koreans who refused to accept the Syngman Rhee regime. In order to surmount the crises of his own regime, Syngman Rhee repeatedly advocated military action against North Korea. Kim Il -Sung opposed Syngman Rhee with two policies. On the one hand, he advocated the peaceful unification of Korea and supported the Korean National Front (KNF) movement. On the other hand, Kim Il-Sung had a plan for the unification of Korea by force of arms. Up to the 19th of June, Kim Il-Sung’s policy was the peaceful unification of Korea. Nevertheless, on the 25th of June Kim Il -Sung embarked upon unification by force of arms. To this day, the question of which side attacked first remains unsolved in a welter of mutual recriminations. America had no direct connection with the outbreak of the war in Korea. The Korean War began, perhaps as a result of advantage being taken of provocation from Syngman Rhee, and certainly as an armed and revolutionary war of unification waged by Kim Il-Sung. Journal article from a Japanese historian, March 1966. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided by Sources A and B on America’s commitment to South Korea after World War II. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-E support the view that the outbreak of the Korean War was a result of actions taken by the local leaders? [30]

5 © SAJC 2023 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2023 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 How far do you agree that t he development of Sino-American relations from 1950 to 1975 was primarily driven by the state of Sino-Soviet relations? [30] OR 3 To what extent was ASEAN effective in preserving regional peace and security from 1967 to 2000? [30] AND EITHER 4 How far do you agree that Cold War politics obstructed the work of the United Nations General Assembly from 1945 to 1991? [30] OR 5 To what extent was the expanded UN peacekeeping mandate the main cause for the failures of the UN missions in Somalia from 1992 to 1994? [30]

6 © SAJC 2023 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2023 BLANK PAGE