2024 CCHS Prelim

SectionA: Source-BasedCaseStudy Question1isforallcandidates. StudytheBackgroundInformationandthesourcescarefully,andthenanswer allthequestions. Youmayuseanyofthesourcestohelpyouanswerthequestions,inadditiontothosesourcesyouaretoldtouse.Inansweringthequestionsyoushoulduseyourknowledgeofthetopictohelpyouinterpretandevaluatethesources. 1 (a) StudySourceA. WhydoyouthinkChurchillgavethisspeech?Explainyouranswer. [5] (b) StudySourceB. HowreliableisthissourceasevidenceaboutSovietinfluenceinEasternEurope?Explainyouranswer. [5] (c) StudySourceC. Howuseful isthissourceasevidenceof whytheColdWarbegan?Explainyouranswer. [6] (d) StudySourcesDandE. Howdifferentarethetwosources?Explainyouranswer. [6] (e) Studyallthesources. ‘Stalin’saggressiveactionswereresponsibleforthestartoftheColdWar.’Howfardothesesourcessupportthisview?Usethesourcesandyourknowledgetoexplainyouranswers. [8] [Turnover

2 DidtheColdWar beginbecauseof Soviet aggression? BACKGROUNDINFORMATION Readthiscarefully.Itmayhelpyouanswersomeofthequestions. AttheendofWorldWarTwo,theUSAandtheUSSRusedtheirvictorytoshapetheworldtobenefitthemselves.Whilebothwantedpeace,thewayswhichtheytriedtoachieveitcausedmisunderstanding,suspicionandultimatelywhatwouldbecomeknownastheColdWar.Keytotheir dispute, wasthequestionof EasternEurope. TheSovietstookactionstheyfelt weremeanttodefendthemselvesfromfutureinvasionsontheirWesternfront.However,thesesameactionswereseenbytheUSasaggressive. WereStalin’sactionsresponsibleforstartingtheColdWar? SourceA: Adapted from Churchill’s speech in Missouri, the hometown of PresidentTruman. 5March1946. TrumanhadinvitedChurchill togivethelectureandattendedit. WarwillnotbepreventedwithoutwhatIcallthefraternal*associationoftheEnglish-speakingpeoples. Thismeansaspecial relationshipbetweenBritainandtheUnitedStates. Thisrequiresthegrowingfriendshipandmutualunderstandingbetweenourtwo[peoples],andthecontinuedcloserelationshipbetweenourmilitaries… AnironcurtainhasdescendedacrosstheContinent.BehindthatlinelieallthecapitalsoftheancientstatesofCentralandEasternEurope.AllthesefamouscitieslieinwhatImustcalltheSovietsphere,andallaresubjectinoneformoranother,notonlytoSovietinfluencebuttoanincreasingmeasureofcontrolfromMoscow. TheCommunistparties,whichwereverysmall,havebeenraisedtopowerfarbeyondtheirnumbersandareseekingeverywheretoobtaintotalitariancontrol.Policegovernmentsarewinninginnearlyeverycase.Thereisnotruedemocracy. *fraternalreferstobrotherhood SourceB: Stalin’sofficialreplytoChurchill’sspeech,March1946. Asaresult of theGermaninvasion, theSoviet Unionhaspermanentlylost…[20millionpeople].Inotherwords,theSovietUnionhaslostinmenseveraltimesmorethanBritainandtheUnitedStatestogether.ItmaybethatsomearetryingtoignorethesacrificesoftheSovietpeoplewhichensuredtheliberationofEuropefromHitler.ButtheSovietUnioncannotforgetthem. Mr.ChurchillwandersaroundthetruthwhenhespeaksofthegrowthoftheinfluenceofthecommunistpartiesinEasternEurope…Thegrowthoftheinfluenceofcommunismcannotbeconsidered an accident. It isanormal function. Theinfluenceof thecommunistsgrewbecause,duringthehardyearsoffascisminEurope,communistsshowedthemselvestobereliable,daringandself-sacrificingfightersagainstfascistregimesforpeople’sliberty. 2024PreliminaryExamination/CCHMS/Secondary4/Humanities(History)/2261/02

3 SourceC: AcartoonbyanAmericanjournalist, publishedinNovember1947aftertheMarshallPlanwasannounced.ThebirdrepresentingCommunismisavulturewhichisapredatorybirdthateatssickordyinganimals. “Steponit, Doc!” 2024PreliminaryExamination/CCHMS/Secondary4/History/2261/02 [Turnover

4 SourceD: ExcerptsfromaspeechbyUSSecretaryofStateJamesByrnesannouncingtheUSpolicyofGermanreconstruction.HemadethisspeechinStuttgart,aWestGermancity,6September1946. AfterbeingforcedtojointhefirstWorldWar,AmericarefusedtojointheLeague.WethoughtwecouldstayoutofEurope'swars.ThatdidnotkeepusfrombeingforcedintoasecondWorldWar.Wewillnotagainmakethatmistake.WeintendtocontinueourinterestintheaffairsofEuropeandtheworld… Security forces will probably have to remain in Germany for alongperiod. I want nomisunderstanding. As long as there is an occupation army in Germany, we are notwithdrawing,wearestayinghere.Yet,itisnowourviewthattheGermanpeopleshouldbehelpedtoprepareforthesettingupofademocraticGermangovernment.Thisgovernmentshouldnotbehand-pickedbyothergovernments. While weshall insist that Germanybepeaceful andagoodneighbor, wedonot wantGermanytobecomethesatelliteofanypower. SourceE: Part of atelegramfromtheSoviet Ambassador intheUnitedStatestohissuperiorsinMoscowexplainingUSforeignpolicy, 27September1946. TheAmbassadorhadunderlinedthewords“worlddomination”. TheforeignpolicyoftheUnitedStatesreflectsthedesiresofAmericancapitalismforworlddomination. Thisisthereal meaningof themanystatementsbyTrumanandAmerica’sleaders: that theUnitedStateshastheright toleadtheworld.AlltheforcesofAmericandiplomacy—the military, its industry, and science—are focused on this. This is beingimplemented through diplomacy, the establishingof militarybasesall over Europe, andthroughthearmsrace. Thepressopenlydiscussesthepossibilityofa"thirdwar"withtheSovietUnion.TheprimarygoalofthisistoexertpoliticalpressureontheSovietUnionandforceittomakeconcessions.AmericanpreparationsforafuturewararebeingconductedwiththeideaofwaragainsttheSovietUnion,whichintheeyesofAmericanimperialistsisthechiefobstacleintheAmericanpathtoworlddomination. SourceF: An article published by American and Russian historianswritingabout thethinkingofSovietleadersafterWorldWarIIin2002. Soviet policymakersactedbasedonwhatmaybecalledthe“BarbarossaSyndrome”—thefear of another invasionfromtheWest. Giventhenumber andscaleof past invasions,Russia’sBarbarossaSyndromewassurelymoredeeplyfeltthan“PearlHarborsyndrome”intheUnitedStates.Toprovidedefence,abufferzoneof“friendlystates”wastobecreatedinEasternEurope,thetraditionalrouteformilitaryaggressionagainstRussia. Sovietleadersconsideredtheirexpectationstobereasonableandright.Intheirview,suchclaimsrepresenteda“fairshare”ofthespoilsofwarandkeytothesecurityoftheircountry.InStalin’sbrutal logic, eachvictor’sshareshouldbeproportionatetothenumberofsoldiers“spent” (his favorite expression) and of the enemy killed. By this measure, theSovietcontributionwasoverwhelmingindeed. 2024PreliminaryExamination/CCHMS/Secondary4/Humanities(History)/2261/02

5 2024PreliminaryExamination/CCHMS/Secondary4/History/2261/02 [Turnover

6 SectionB: Essays Answer twoquestions. 2 “Militarist rule changed Japan for the better.” How far do you agree with thisstatement?Explainyouranswer. [10] 3 “Warbeganin1939inEuropebecauseHitlerplannedit.”Howfardoyouagreewiththisstatement?Explainyouranswer. [10] 4 “TheColdWarendedin1991becauseofGorbachev.”Howfardoyouagreewiththisstatement?Explainyouranswer. [10] CopyrightAcknowledgements SourceA:https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-iron-curtain-speech.htmlSourceB:StalinInterviewwithPravdaonChurchill, TheNewYorkTimes,14March1946,p.4.<https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/03/14/issue.html>SourceC:https://www.sherpalearning.com/skillbook/exercises/vse-15-cartoonSourceD:https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=2300SourceE:https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/telegram-nikolai-novikov-soviet-ambassador-us-soviet-leadershipSourceF:Pechatnov,VladimirandEdmonson,C.“TheRussianPerspective”inDebatingtheOriginsof theColdWar: AmericanandRussianPerspectives,RowmanandLittlefieldPublishers,2002. 2024PreliminaryExamination/CCHMS/Secondary4/Humanities(History)/2261/02

SectionA:Source-BasedCaseStudyQuestions 1(a) Mark StudySourceA.WhydoyouthinkChurchill gavethisspeech? L1 1 Answer basedonprovenancei.e., becauseTrumanhadaskedhimtodoso L2 2 Writesabout Sovietisationof EasternEurope(Sub-Message)i.e., becauseof theimmediatecontext of Soviet Union’ssalami tactics E.g., Churchill is making observations / educating / informing the audienceabout thesalami tacticsStalinwasenactinginEasternEuropein1946. L3 3 Writesabout thespecial relationshipbetweentheUSandUK i.e., becau