2024 EFSS 4EXP Elective History Prelim Korean War

1 EFSS/PRELIM2024/HUMANITIES(HIST)/2261_02/4E/NSR Class: Candidate Name: Candidate Index Number: EDGEFIELD SECONDARY SCHOOL 2024 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Secondary 4 O Syllabus HUMANITIES (HISTORY) The Making of the 20th Century Modern World, 1910s–1991 No Additional Materials are required. 2261/02 AUGUST 2024 1 hour 50 minutes READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST. Writing paper will be provided with this question paper. Respond to the questions on the writing paper provided. Label each section and question or part question clearly. Begin each section on a fresh sheet of paper. Section A Answer all parts of Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Submit Sections A & B separately. FOR EXAMINER’S USE My target grade/mark:  SECTION A SECTION B TOTAL / 30 / 20 / 50 Parent’s Signature This document consists of 6 printed pages. [Turn over

2 EFSS/PRELIM2024/HUMANITIES(HIST)/2261_02/4E/NSR Source-based Case Study Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates. Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all parts of the questions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to you use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you intepret and evaluate the sources. 1(a) Study Source A. How useful is this source as evidence of the USA’s motivations for intervening in the Korean War? Explain your answer. [5] (b) Study Source B. Why do you think Mao made this speech? Explain your answer. [5] (c) Study Source C. Are you surprised by the reasons given for Chinese intervention in the Korean War? Explain your answer. [6] (d) Study Sources D and E. How far does Source E prove that Source D was wrong about the communist powers? Explain your answer. [6] (e) Study all the sources. “The Korean War was a regional conflict rather than a Cold War conflict .” How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer. [8]

3 EFSS/PRELIM2024/HUMANITIES(HIST)/2261_02/4E/NSR Was the Korean War a regional conflict rather than a Cold War conflict? BACKGROUND INFORMATION Read this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions. The Korean War began when North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. This invasion led to a swift response from the United Nations, with the USA leading a coalition to repel the North Korean forces. Traditionally, the war is seen as part of the broader Cold War struggle between the USA and the Soviet Union. However, regional issues and security concerns also played significant roles. Both China an d the Soviet Union had strategic interests in supporting North Korea to maintain a buffer state and prevent ing a US-aligned Korea on their borders. The conflict ended in a stalemate with the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953, which established the Korean Demilitari sed Zone (DMZ) but did not lead to a formal peace treaty. Was the Korean War a regional conflict led by local interests and security concerns, rather than a Cold War conflict between superpowers? Source A: A statement by American President Harry Truman, 27 June 1950. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the 38th parallel. This they have not done, but on the contrary have pressed the attack. The Security Council called upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution. In these circumstances I have ordered United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support. The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that Communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and security. Source B: Excerpt from a speech by China’s Chairman, Mao Zedong, October 1950. To leading comrades of the Chinese People's Volunteers at all levels: In order to support the Korean people's war of liberation and to resist the attacks of U.S. imperialism and its running dogs, thereby safeguarding the interests of the people of Korea, China and all the other countries in the East, I herewith order the Chi nese People's Volunteers to march speedily to Korea and join the Korean comrades in fighting the aggressors and winning a glorious victory.

4 EFSS/PRELIM2024/HUMANITIES(HIST)/2261_02/4E/NSR Source C: Adapted from a *CIA National Intelligence Estimate report on Chinese intervention in the Korean War, November 1950. Communist China’s decision to send troops to North Korea, risking a wider conflict, likely had Soviet approval or direction. Both parties must have deemed the expected benefits worth the risk of a general war involving the USSR. This risk included a possible US reaction to address the broader issue with the USSR rather than engage in an expensive, uncertain war with China. The immediate reason for Chinese assistance was the crossing of the 38th Parallel by US forces and the swift collapse of North Korean resistance. Without Chinese intervention, UN forces would have soon secured the Yalu River line, leaving the Democratic People's Republic of Korea as a government -in-exile and guerrilla movement. Faced with this, the Chinese decided to prevent an early UN military victory and maintai n a Communist regime on Korean soil. *CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): a US government agency responsible for gathering, analysing, and reporting on national security information from around the world to assist in making informed decisions on foreign policy and security issues Source D: An American leaflet dropped on North Korea during the Korean War. The leaflet is accompanied by the following text on its reverse : “The communist aggressor is enslaving your country like a giant octopus.” Korean civilians Korean civilians North Korean soldier Destroy the communist devil!

5 EFSS/PRELIM2024/HUMANITIES(HIST)/2261_02/4E/NSR Source E: A telegram from Stalin to Mao Zedong, 26 October 1949. We agree with your opinion that the Korean People’s Army ought not to pursue an attack at the present time. At one time we also pointed out to the Korean friends that the attack on the south by the Korean People's Army should not be undertaken since this attack had not been prepared from either a military or a political standpoint. In our opinion at the present time the Korean comrades ought to concentrate their efforts in the struggle for the unification of Korea on developing a partisan movement, creating liberated areas in South Korea, and a comprehensive strengthening of the People's Army of Korea. Source F: An extract from an article published by two Chinese historians in London in 1990. It is clear the reasons why China entered the Korean War were primarily security concerns. Fearing a growing military threat from the US and believing that Sino -American military confrontation was inevitable, CCP leaders maintained that it might be wise for them to select the time and place. When American troops, despite Chinese warnings, crossed the 38th parallel and marched towards the Yalu River, the People's Republic of China entered the conflict in support of North Korea's forces. Over a brief period, the Korean War turned into a United States -China military conflict. Looking back, if the CCP and the Truman Administration had better understood each other's intentions,