NYGH 2017-S3EOY-Adv Hist

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Do not turn over the page until you are told to do so. Write your name, register number and class in the spaces provided on the paper. Write in dark blue or black ink on both sides of the paper. Section A : (30 marks) Answer ALL the questions. Section B : (20 marks) Answer question 3. Begin each section on a fresh page. Leave a line between each part. For example, leave one line between (a) and part (b). At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Setter: ONGLH This document consists of 7 printed pages. [Turn over Register Number: Name: Class: 南洋女子中学校 NANYANG GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL END OF YEAR EXAMINATION 2017 SECONDARY THREE ADVANCED HISTORY Modern World History 2 hr 30 min TUESDAY 3 October 2017 0845-1115

2 Section A Source-Based Question Answer all parts of Question 1 and 2 In answering the questions you should use your knowledge and understanding of the period to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. You must use the sources to which you are specifically directed, but you may use any of the other sources where they are helpful. 1. This question is about Russia under the leadership of Joseph Stalin Source A: Trotsky’s thoughts on Stalin as a leader. In the spring of 1924, after one of the Plenums of the Central Committee at which I was not present because of illness, I said to Smirnov: “Stalin will become the dictator of the USSR.” Smirvov knew Stalin well. They had shared revolutionary work and exile together for years, and under such conditions people get to know each other. “Stalin?” he asked me with amazement. “But he is a mediocrity, a colourless non-entity.” ‘Mediocrity, yes; Non-entity, no,” I answered him. “ The dialectics of History have already hooked him and will raise him up. He is needed by all of them- by the tired radicals, by the bureaucrats, by the Kulaks, the upstarts, the sneaks, by all the worms that are crawling out of the upturned soil of the manured revolution. Stalin knows how to meet them on their own ground, he speaks their language and he knows how to lead them…he has the will and is daring. He will not hesitate to use them and to move them against the Party. He has already started doing this. Right now, he is organizing himself the sneaks of the party, the artful dodgers….” Source B: A British diplomat, Fitzroy Maclean, describes the opening of the trial of Bukharin and Rykov in March 1938. The prisoners were charged collectively and individually, with every conceivable crime: high treason, murder, attempted murder, espionage and all kinds of sabotage. With diaboloical ingenuity, they had plotted to wreck industry and agriculture; to assasinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders; to overthrow the Soviet regime with the help of foreign powers…one after another, using the same words, they admitted their guilt: Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda…Bit by bit, as one confession succeeded another, the fantastic structure took place. Each prisoner incriminates his fellows and was in turn incriminated by them. Readily, glibly, they dwelt on their crime and on those of their compatriots…As the trial progressed, it became ever clearer that the underlying purpose of every testimony was to blacken the leaders of the bloc, to represent them not as political offenders, but as common criminals, murderers, posioners and spies.

3 Source C: Response by Molotov when he was interviewed in 1986, about the trial of Rykov and Zinoviev. Molotov was a key leader in Stalin’s government who carried out many of Stalin’s policies including the collectivisation and heavy industrilaization of Russia. We were obliged to ensure that in time of war (1939) there would be no fifth column. It is doubtful that all of these people were spies but the main thing is that in the decisive moment there was no relying on them…If Tukhachevsky, Ikhir, Rykov and Zinoviev joined the opposition during the war, there would have been a struggle and colossal losses…Everyone would have been destroyed! Source D: An execrpt from a history text book titled Stalinist Russia. The use of terror, which had played a role in the communist hold on power since 1917, became a central part of the Soviet regime during the 1930s with the launch of the Great Purges against prominent party members. A series of show trials saw former leaders of the regime accused and then, in nearly all cases, executed. Yet the purges were to extend beyond those former leaders who had fallen out with Stalin, to include army personnel and middle ranking officials of the party. a) Study Source A. What was Trotsky’s impression of Stalin? Explain your answer. [4] b) Study Source B. Can you believe its portrayal of the trial of Bukharin and Rykov? Explain your answer. [7] c) Study Source C. Are you surprised by Molotov’s response ? Explain your answer. [6]

4 2. This question is about the Impact of the Vietnam War. Source A: An American cartoon published in the Washington Post in 1967. “ There’s money enough to support both of you… Now, doesn’t that make you feel better?” Source B: A recollection by Vietnam War veteran, Theodore Gatchel. I felt that we should have pursued the war more aggressively, not allowing the Communists to take the initiative the way we had. I think we did a lot of stupid things over there in the war, but I don't think we were wrong to have been there. We went there with good intentions. We were trying to do the right thing. Anybody who says that we were morally wrong hasn't read very much about Communism. We strategically and tactically made a lot of mistakes which contributed to our defeat. I think we had allowed the enemy to have the initiative and instead of having some kind of coherent strategy that we were following. We just found ourselves constantly reacting to what the enemy was doing. Administration U.S. Urban Needs

5 Source C: An excerpt from an article on a website published by the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History. The murder of more than 400 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai and My Khe by US soldiers on March 16, 1968, stands as one of the darkest days in the nation’s military history. It left an indelible stain on America’s record in Vietnam, the nation’s longest, least popular, and most controversial war. It raises fundamental questions about the American way of war, US military leadership in Vietnam, and the difficulties of fighting insurgencies, a problem of major contemporary concern. It needs to be remembered and studied. Source D: A photograph of a demonstration in San Francisco in March 1967. Source E: Excerpt from an article written by Louis Lunberg, Chairman of the Bank of America, published in the Time Magazine in July 1970. The military budget for fiscal year 1971, which began last week, stands at $71.8 billion, but that is only the beginning. Non defense segments of the federal budget are laced with costs that are basically military. By conservative estimates, these allocations in the new budget come to $20 billion, raising the annual cost of defense to $91.8 billion. Arthur Burns, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, makes a much higher calculation; he figures that the tangential military costs lift defense spending to more than $106 billion...A major item is the public debt, which has risen from $323 billion to $373 billion since 1965. largely because of the deficits caused by the Viet Nam War. Interest payments on this debt for fiscal 1971 are expected to reach $ 19 billion, of which $11 billion can be traced to the costs of Viet Nam and past wars.

6 a) Study sources A-D. How far do the sources show that the impact of the Vietnam War on America was larg