NYGH 2018-S3MYE-Adv Hist (HP)

Class Register Number Name 南洋女子中学校 NANYANG GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL Mid-Year Examination 2018 SECONDARY THREE Adv History (HP) 1 hour 40 minutes Friday 4 May 2018 1200-1340 READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name; register number and class in the spaces provided on the answer paper. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A : (16 marks) You must answer ALL PARTS of Question 1. Section B : (20 marks) Answer the question. Begin each section on a fresh page. Leave 3 lines between each sub-part. For example, leave 3 lines between part (a) and part (b). INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Answer ALL questions in this paper. Setter: LT/LC This document consists of 5 printed pages [Turn over]

2 Section A Source-Based Case Study In answering the questions you should use your knowledge and understanding of the period to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. You must use the sour ces to which you are specifically directed, but you may use any of the other sources where they are helpful. ISSUE: To what extent was American military escalation in Vietnam in the 1960s due to the Cold War policy of ‘containment’? Background The Unite d States of America was involved in the process of Vietnam’s decolonisation for almost three decades from the end of World War Two. In the beginning, they were there to provide military and economic assistance to the French. After the French left Vietnam in 1954, the Americans continued to support the South Vietnam government under Ngo Dinh Diem. The 1960s witnessed an escalation of American military involvement in Vietnam. How far was this escalation due to the Cold War policy of ‘containment’? Source A: An extract from a report to President John F Kennedy from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Defence Secretary Robert McNamara, November 1961. The United States should commit itself to the clear objective of preventing the fall of South Vietnam to communism. The basic means for accomplishing this objective must be to put the Government of South Vietnam into a position to win its own war against the guerrillas. We must insist that that Government itself take the measure necessary for that purpose in exchange for large- scale United States assistance in the military, economic and political fields. At the same time we must recognise that it will probably not be possible for [South Vietnam] to win this war as long as the flow of men and supplies f rom North Vietnam continues unchecked and the guerrillas enjoy a safe sanctuary in neighbouring territory. We should be prepared to introduce United States combat forces if that should become necessary for success. Source B: Adapted from an outline of a program published by the National Liberation Front – known to the US and South Vietnamese as the Viet Cong in 1962. The present South Vietnamese regime is a camouflaged colonial regime dominated by Yankees, and the South Vietnamese government is a serv ile government, implementing faithfully all the policies of the American imperialists. Therefore, this regime must be overthrown and a government of national and democratic union put in its place composed of representatives of all social classes, of all nationalities, of various political parties, of all religions; patriotic, eminent citizens must take over for the people the control of economic, political, social and cultural interests and this bring about independence, democracy, wellbeing, peace, neutra lity, and efforts toward the peaceful unification of the country.

3 Source C: An extract from the inauguration speech by President John F Kennedy in January 1961. To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required – not because the communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. Source D: A n ex tract from a s peech by President Lyndon B Johnson at an American University, April 25, 1965. Over this war and all Asia is another reality: the deepening shadow of Communist China. The rulers in Hanoi are urged on by Peking. This is a regime which has destroyed freedom in Tibet, which has attacked India, and has been condemned by the United Nations for aggression in Korea…Why are we in South Vietnam? We are there because we have a promise to keep. Sin ce 1954 every American President has offered support to the people of South Vietnam. We have helped to build, and we have helped to defend. Thus, over many years, we have made a national pledge to help South Vietnam defend its independence. And I intend to keep our promise. To dishonour that pledge, to abandon this small and brave nation to its enemy, and to the terror that must follow, would be an unforgivable wrong. Source E: Testimony by George Kennan, architect of the “containment” policy toward the Soviet Union, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, February 1966. If it were not for the considerations of prestige that arise precisely out of our present involvement, even a situation in which South Vietnam was controlled exclusively by the Vietcong, while regrettable, and no doubt morally unwarranted, would not, in my opinion, present dangers great enough to justify our direct military involvement... I think it should be our government’s aim to liquidate this involvement just as soon as this can be done without inordinate damage to our own prestige or to the stability of conditions in that area.... I have a fear that our thinking about this whole problem is still affected by some sort of illusions about invincibility on our part, that ther e is no problem in the world which we, if we wanted to devote enough of our resources to it, could not solve. [Turn over]

4 Source F: An extract from a speech by Senator Ernest Gruening in the US Congress House of Representatives on the passing of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in August 1964. We now are about to authorise the President, if he see s fit, to move our armed forces not only into South Vietnam, but also into North Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand … That means sending our American boys into combat in a war in which we have no business, which is not our war, into which we have been misguidedly drawn, which is steadily being escalated. I am opposed to sacrificing a single American boy in this venture. We have lost far too many already. Answer all parts of Question 1. (a) Study Source A What is the purpose of this source? Explain your answer. [5] (b) Study Sources C and D. How similar are Sources C and D? Explain your answer. [5] (c) Study Source E. How reliable is this source in showing that the American military escalation in Vietnam is not necessarily about ‘containment’? Explain your answer. [6]

5 Section B Essay Question Answer the essay question. 2. This question is about the impact of British colonization of Malaya “British colonial rule resulted in the development of Malaya.” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [20] END OF PAPER NYGH gratefully acknowledges the use of the following sources: Source A: http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/amalia-pica/transcript-inaugural-address Source B: https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/01/archives/1961-ruskmcnamara-report-to-kennedy- on-south-vietnam.html Source C: http://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/the-program-of-the-national-liberation-front-or-viet- cong-1962/ Source D: http://web.utk.edu/~mfitzge1/docs/374/SOV1965.pdf S