NYGH 2019-S3EOY-Adv Hist

Class Register Number Name 南洋女子中学校 NANYANG GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL End-of-Year Examinations 2019 Secondary 3 ADVANCED HISTORY 2 hours Wednesday 09 October 2019 0845 – 1045 hours Setter: Benson T. This document consists of 6 printed pages, including the cover page. NANYANG GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL [Turn over READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST 1. Do not open this booklet until you are told to do so. 2. Write your name, register number and class on all the work you hand in. 3. Write your answers and working on the separate writing paper provided, unless otherwise stated. 4. Write in dark blue or black ink on both sides of the paper. 5. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. 6. Please leave 2 blank lines after each sub-question. 7. Start each question on a fresh sheet of paper. 8. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. 9. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. 10.The total number of marks for this paper is 50. Section A Answer all parts of Question 1. Section B Answer One out of Two Questions.

2 2 | Page Section A: Source-Based Case Study Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions, you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. 1 (a) Study Source A. What does the source tell you about the at titude of Americans towards the Vietnam War? Explain your answer. [5] (b) Study Source B. Are you surprised by the claims in Source B? Explain your answer. [6] (c) Study Source C. How reliable is the source on the why the US lost the Vietnam War? Explain your answer. [6] (d) Study Sources D & E. How similar are Source D and E? Explain your answer. [5] (e) Study all the sources. How far do all sources prove that America was responsible for their defeat in the Vietnam War? Explain your answer. [15]

3 3 | Page ISSUE: To what extent should America be responsible for their defeat in the Vietnam War? BACKGROUND INFORMATION Read this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions. The Vietnam War (1965 – 1975) was one of the longest and most unpopular war in American history. It resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnamese deaths. Towards the last few years of the war, efforts were made to end the conflict through diplomacy. In January 1973 following the Paris Peace Accords, an agreement was reached; U.S. forces were gradually withdrawn from Vietnam, and U.S. prisoners of war were released. In April 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to the North, and Vietnam was reunited. Even today, many questioned if it was a mistake for America to be involved in the first place and that their actions in Vietnam doomed them to failure. Source A : A photograph taken in an American University in 1968 commenting on the Vietnam War following the Tet Offensive. Source B: A news report by Walter Cronkite, a well-respected US journalist following the Tet Offensive in 1968. “Who won and who lost in the great “Tet Offensive” against the cities? I'm not sure. The Vietcong did not win by a knockout, but neither did we. The referees of histor y may make it a draw…. On the political front, past performance gives no confidence that the [ South] Vietnamese can cope without us…It seems now more certain than ever that the (US) experience of Vietnam is to end in a disaster. This summer's almost certai n standoff will either end in real give-and-take negotiations or terrible escalation; and for every means we have to escalate, the enemy can match us. And with each escalation, we only stand to lose more.

4 4 | Page Source C : Extract of an interview given by former US Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara on losing the Vietnam War in 1995. “We misjudged the intentions of our adversaries (in this case, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong, supported by China and the Soviet Union), and we exaggerated the dangers to the United States of their actions. We viewed the people and leaders of South Vietnam in terms of our own experience. We totally misjudged the political forces within the country. We underestimated the power of nationalis m to motivate a people (in this case, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong) to fight and die for their beliefs and values. Our misjudgments of friend and foe alike reflected our profound ignorance of Vietnam’s history, culture, and politics, plus the personalities and habits of its leaders.” Source D : A US general’s reflection on the tactics used by the US troops during the Vietnam War. “The enemy (Vietnamese) forces had no definite, recognisable or overt positions. They remained either ‘underground’ (often literally) within South Vietnamese borders, or back in base sanctuaries in Cambodia or Laos, going on the attack only when they so decided, seeking to surprise a preselected victim. Thus the enemy clearly had the initiative; and, given the way the United States had decided to fight the war in a passive defence of South Vietnam as they couldn’t afford further loss; the US forces found themselves in the unenviable situation of having to react and dance to the enemy’s tune which only affected our moral resolve. Source E: An interview with General Vo Nyugen Giap on the tactics employed by the PLAF during the Vietnam War. 'We were not strong enough to drive out a half-million American troops, but that wasn't our aim. We adopted our method of warfare to suit our needs…we wanted the upper hand…Our intention was to break the will of the American Government to continue the war. The Americans were wrong to expect that his superior firepower would grind us down. In war there are the two factors - human beings and weapons. Ultimately, though, human begins are the decisive factor. We had the support of the masses…How long were we prepared to fight? Another twenty years, even a hundred years, as long as it took to win, regardless of cost…''

5 5 | Page Source F: An American couple watching news coverage of the Vietnam War in 1968.

6 6 | Page Section B: Essay Question Answer ONE Question This question is about the impact of Stalin’s rule on the Soviet Union. 2. ‘Stalin’s rule was detrimental to the Soviet Union in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [13] OR This question is about the impact of Hitler’s rule on Germany. 3. ‘Hitler’s rule was detrimental to Germany in the 1930s’. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [13] End of Paper NYGH gratefully acknowledges the use of the following: 1) Source A: Vintage Everyday (2015) “30 Color Photographs of the Anti-Vietnam War”