ACJC International History Preliminary Examinations 2012

© ACJC 2012 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/12 1 ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations JC2 HISTORY 8814/01 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 24 August 2012 3 hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your class, index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. © ACJC History Department 2012 [Turn over]

© ACJC 2012 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/12 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND ANGOLA 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the in terpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council demands that all countries freeze assets of UNITA in their territories, deciding further that Member States should: a) prevent contacts with UNITA in areas where state administration had not been extended; b) prohibit the import of diamonds not controlled through the certificate of origin scheme or Angolan government; c) prevent the sale of mining equipment to areas not under state administration; d) prevent the sale of motorized vehicles or watercraft and equipment or spare parts. It also reaffirms Resolution 864 (1993) prohibiting the sale of arms, petroleum , and related products to UNITA. From the UN Security Council Resolution 1173, 12 June 1998. Source B Angola had been at war since the 1970s. When the Portuguese scuttled their colony in 1975, granting an ill-prepared independence, the country descended into a gruesome Cold War battlefield. The principle antagonists were UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) led by Jonas Savimbi and backed by the United States, and a Soviet-supported Marxist movement led by Jose Eduardo dos Santos, and aided by Cuban troops. At the end of the Cold War, Savimbi’ s American supporters pressured him to accept a 1991 peace plan, which called for elections under the supervision of United Nations Angola Verification Mission II , after the first UN mission had overseen the withdrawal of Cuban troops. Savimbi agreed, until he lost those elections. Then he quit the peace process and started to refight the civil war. The third Angolan war was even more destructive than the previous ones and was notable for systematic violations of the laws of war by both sides despite the p resence of UN missions. A 1999 Human Rights Watch report noted, “Indiscriminate shelling of starving besieged cities by UNITA resulted in massive destruction, and the loss of untold numbers of civilian lives. Indiscriminate bombing by the government also t ook a high toll.” The UN estimated that in mid -1993 as many as a thousand people were dying everyday in Angola –far more than in any of the other conflicts in the world at that time, Bosnia and Somalia included. From the book ‘Deliver Us From Evil’ by William Shawcross, a British journalist writing in 2000 about challenges facing the UN in the 1990s.

© ACJC 2012 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/12 3 Source C The 54-page report, produced by the chairman of the Security Council's Sanctions Committee, Canada's ambassador Robert Fowler, lists at least 10 Afr ican countries in which governments or individuals are accused of breaking U.N. sanctions against UNITA. Specifically named as personally helping UNITA’s cause are four African leaders: President Gnassingbe Eyadema of Togo, President Blaise Campaore of Burkina Faso, Vice President Paul Kagame of Rwanda and the late Congo -Zaire dictator Mobuto Sese Seko. Several South African individuals are accused of having worked with UNITA to supply arms and other material in return for diamonds, long the rebels' main so urce of income. UNITA's diamonds have been laundered through most of these countries, the reports alleges, and have been moved easily into Europe, mainly because of slack controls and regulations in Antwerp, as well as other marketing centers. As a result of the U.N. disclosures, Belgium last week agreed to tighten its diamond trade controls. The South African government promised to explore legal actions agains t the named sanctions busters. For now diamonds may be Savimbi's best friend, but they may not be forever. From ‘Time Magazine’, 27 March 2000. Source D Diamonds are suddenly the issue of the moment. They're on the agenda at the G-8 meeting of big powers in Japan, and diamond giant De Beers announced recently that it would no longer sell "conflict diamonds." But diamonds don't kill people, guns do. In the current enthusiasm for diamond embargoes, the long - standing arms embargoes on Angola and Sierra Leone are being largely ignored. If the world really wanted to stop the carnage in those countries, it would start by enforcing arms embargoes. These embargoes are a joke! In early June, there were press reports of two truckloads of weapons crossing from Liberia into Sierra Leone, as well as another shipment of a rocket launcher. From an article written by the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, 22 July 2000. Source E The sanctions that were imposed in 1997 and 1998 were steps in the right direction, but had little effect at first because they were not implemented by member states and the diamond indu stry and because they were not monitored in Angola and its neighboring countries. The chairmanship of Robert Fowler changed these things when the Committee published a report naming and shaming all the important players in Savimbi’s network, including the ‘De Beers’ Company, the Antwerp diamond industry and European governments unwilling to expel UNITA members residing in their countries. The pressuring of these parties plus the establishment of expert panels to monitor weapons shipments, border patrols, a ir-traffic, and financial traffic, made the sanctions on UNITA much more effective. Between 1999 and 2002, more foreign offices and accounts were closed and the estimated diamond revenues were about a third of what they once were. The combination of a well implemented arms embargo and diamond embargo supported by individual and financial sanctions thus added to the diminishing of UNITA’s power in the last three years of the conflict. From a research article, written by a Western academic, February 2011. Now answer the following question. How far do Source s A-E support the view that UN sanctions were effectively enforced in Angola in the period 1993 to 2000?

© ACJC 2012 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/12 4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 ‘Neither the USA nor the USSR intende d to start the Cold War.’ How far do you ag