IJC_2008_H2Hist_Prelim2_Paper 1

INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2 in preparation for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 Higher 2 CANDIDATE NAME CLASS INDEX NUMBER HISTORY Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 Additional Materials: Answer Paper 8814/01 9731/01 16 September 2008 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1 . Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, answers for Section A and Section B should be faste ned separately . Section B should be fastened with a cover page. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. Innova Junior College [Turn over

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 1 Read the sources, and then answer the question whic h follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A The *World Court hears disputes between member states, o ffering a judgment which all parties have agreed to accept... It can also give a n opinion at the request of individual states or an arm of the UN, such as the Security Council. Unfortunately, less than half the UN members have b een willing to accept the court's judgments. Moreover, most states are unwilling to b ring political matters before the court. This is partly because the international law that t he court interprets is uncertain and disputed. So while the World Court performs worthwh ile tasks, it has rarely caught the popular imagination. *The World Court is an unofficial name of the ICJ Stewart Ross, The United Nations, 2002. Source B (In response to Nicaragua's complaints against the USA in 1986.) By twelve votes to three (Judge Schwebel (United States), Judge Oda (Japan), and Judge Jennings (United Kingdom)) the Court decided that b y its actions the United States had violated its obligations under customary international law... Not surprisingly, the reaction of the US government to the Court's decision on the merits was highly negative and dismissive. It announced that it would not abide by the judgment, vetoed subsequent proposed Security Council resolut ions seeking to enforce the judgment, and appropriated additional funds... against Nicaragua. John F Murphy, The United States and the Rule of Law in International Affairs, 2004. Professor of International Law and Business, Villanova University School of Law, Pennsylvania.

3 Source C Assessments of the