IJC 2008 H2Hist Prelim2 Paper 1

INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2 in preparation for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 Higher 2 CANDIDATE NAME CLASS INDEX NUMBER HISTORY Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 Additional Materials: Answer Paper 8814/01 9731/01 16 September 2008 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1 . Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, answers for Section A and Section B should be faste ned separately . Section B should be fastened with a cover page. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. Innova Junior College [Turn over

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 1 Read the sources, and then answer the question whic h follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A The *World Court hears disputes between member states, o ffering a judgment which all parties have agreed to accept... It can also give a n opinion at the request of individual states or an arm of the UN, such as the Security Council. Unfortunately, less than half the UN members have b een willing to accept the court's judgments. Moreover, most states are unwilling to b ring political matters before the court. This is partly because the international law that t he court interprets is uncertain and disputed. So while the World Court performs worthwh ile tasks, it has rarely caught the popular imagination. *The World Court is an unofficial name of the ICJ Stewart Ross, The United Nations, 2002. Source B (In response to Nicaragua's complaints against the USA in 1986.) By twelve votes to three (Judge Schwebel (United States), Judge Oda (Japan), and Judge Jennings (United Kingdom)) the Court decided that b y its actions the United States had violated its obligations under customary international law... Not surprisingly, the reaction of the US government to the Court's decision on the merits was highly negative and dismissive. It announced that it would not abide by the judgment, vetoed subsequent proposed Security Council resolut ions seeking to enforce the judgment, and appropriated additional funds... against Nicaragua. John F Murphy, The United States and the Rule of Law in International Affairs, 2004. Professor of International Law and Business, Villanova University School of Law, Pennsylvania.

3 Source C Assessments of the court frequently dwell on its re latively light case load due to the reluctance of states to submit disputes, but other opinions stress its contributions to “the process of systematizing, consolidating, codifying and progressively developing international law”... Thus, the ICJ has contributed to peaceful settlement of disputes of several different kinds, most particularly involvin g land and maritime boundaries, and to restoring peace between parties, although governmen ts still prefer to use political methods in many cases. Margaret P. Karns and Karen A Mingst, International Organizations, 2004. Source D Though the Security Council has primary responsibil ity for the maintenance of international peace and security, it has not been a ble to address and resolve the Israel- Palestine conflict. The Council has taken no signif icant action since 1967… Frustrated by its own impotence and by the inaction of the Securi ty Council, the General Assembly asked the International Court of Justice to evaluat e the legal status of Israel separation wall. In July 2004, the Court declared the illegali ty of the barrier. The Security Council has yet to accept and enforce the Court’s ruling, howev er, and the United Nations remains sidelined in the conflict, acting primarily through the Secretary General's special envoys and through its role as a member of the quartet. Global Policy Forum, an organization that monitors the policy making of the UN. Source E The court today is one of the prime law-making aren as of the United Nations without any inconvenient political obstruction of a Big Power v eto over its decisions. The fact that its decisions are not technically enforceable on the co urt’s own initiative, or that its case jurisdiction is dependent on the prior consent of t he parties to a dispute, should not militate against the use by the General Assembly an d Secretary-General of the advisory opinion, reference jurisdiction, which cannot, again, be blocked by Big Power veto Edward McWhinney, Q.C. United Nations Law Making, 1984. Now answer the following question. ‘The ICJ has been effective in resolving inter-stat e disputes.’ How far do Sources A-E support this claim? [Turn over

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 ‘The US policy of containment caused the Cold War’. Assess the validity of this view with regard to the origins of the Cold War. 3 The battle for ideological supremacy determined the outcome of the Cold War. To what extent do you agree? 4 ‘Japan’s spectacular success is due more to USA’s C old War policies than anything else.’ How far do you agree? 5 Which was a more significant cause for the rise of religious fundamentalism between the 1960s and 2000: the nature of ethnic nationalism or superpower rivalry? 6 To what extent has the conflict in the Middle East been aggravated by competing territorial claims?