Year 2 History notes

CHAPTER6 HowdidtheJapaneseEstablishcontrolinSingapore? Methodsusedtocontrol Singapore UsingForce Winningloyalty Metingout harshpunishments usingpropagandaImprisoningalliedSoldiers ProvidingbenefitstothelocalsCarryingout operationSookChing ImposingjapaneseCultureCoercingtheChineseCommunity UsingForce MetingoutHarshPunishments ● ImposedonCriminalsorEnemiesoftheJapanese- ToputanendtothelootinghappeningjustaftertheBritishsurrendered,theJapaneseexecutedthosewhowerecaught.- HeadsofthoseexecutedweredisplayedatpublicplacessuchasopenareaoutsidetheCathayBuilding- CreatedfearandservedasaseverewarningtothepeopleabouttheconsequenceofcrossingtheJapanese ● Kempeitai-JapaneseMilitarypolice- Arrestedthosewhoweresuspectedofbeinganti-Japanese- Foodorcashrewardswereofferedtoencouragepeopletoinformauthoritiesofanyonetheysuspectedofbeinganti-Japanese.--->Notrustbetweenpeople- Thosesuspectedofbeinganti-Japaneseweretorturedorevenexecuted.- Peoplelearnttogoabouttheirbusinessquietlyandnotappeardisobedient ImprisoningAlliedSoldiers ● ImprisonedtheBritish,AustraliansandAlliedEuropeansinSingapore,includingwomenandchildren

- ThePOWswereforcedtomarchinpublicfromBukitTImahRoadtoChangiPrisonandtheBarracksnearby- ManycivilianspassedthePOWsfoodandmoney,despitetheriskofbeingpunished CarryingOutOperationSookChing ● Aimedtoidentifyandeliminateanti-Japaneseelementsacrossthechinesepopulation- Brutalpurgeofmembersofthechinesecommunity- WhenJapanwasinvadingChina,theyfacedstrongresistancefromChinesecommunitiesoutsideofChina.- TheChinesecommunityinSingaporecalledforaboycottofJapanesegoodsandcontributedfundstoChina’seffortsagainstJapan.- AllChinesemenaged18-50hadtoassemblemassscreeningcentresexaminedbytheJapanese.- Informatswouldidentifypeoplewhoweresuspectedofbeinganti-JapaneseandpassontheinformationtotheKempeitai.Thosewhowerenotidentifiedasanti-Japanesewereallowedtogohome.Theywouldreceiveastamponsmthwhichmeantthattheyhadbeenexamined.Thosewhowerenotwereexecuted.Estimatesrangefordeathsis600-5000. CoercingtheChineseBusinessCommunity ● TargetedChinesebusinessmen- DuetotheirgenerouscontributionstotheChinaReliefFund,supportingtheChineseresistanceagainstJapan.- TheOverseasChineseAssociation(OCA)wascreatedtoactasachannelbetweentheChinesecommunityandtheJapanesegovernment.- TheJapanesedemanded50millionStraitsdollarstotheJapaneseAdministrationtopunishtheChinesecommunityinMalayaandSingaporeforsupportinganti-JapanesewaractivitiesinChinaaswellasBritishWareffortsinMalayaandSingapore. WinningLoyalty UsingPropaganda- Influencethemindsofthepeopleandgaintheirloyalty ● Portrayedthemselvesasliberatorstofreeasiansfromcolonialrule

- TriedtoconvincelocalstoaccepttheirvisionoftheGreaterEastAsiaCo-ProsperitySphereinwhichJapanwouldfreeAsiannationsfromthecontrolofWesternColonialpowers.ThevisionpressedforaunitedAsiathatwouldbenefitfromsharingresourcesequally.- Messageswerespreadthroughpostersandradiobroadcasts ● GetIndianCommunitytolookuponJapaneseRulefavourably- JapanesepromisedtohelpfreeIndiafromtheBritish- TheIndianNationalArmy(INA)wasformedtofightagainsttheBritishinIndia,ledbySubhasChandraBose,aprominentIndianpoliticianwhocampaignedforIndia’sindependencefromtheBritish.- However,manywerestillnotloyaltotheJapanese,butmanyofthemwhoremainedloyaltotheBritishwereimprisoned. ProvidingBenefitstoLocals ● Providedschoolingandaccommodationatnocost- Schooltextbookswereprovidedfreeofchargeto20,000studentsin1944. ● Appealedtocertainethnicgroups- TheMalayNationalistorganisationKesatuanMelayuMuda(UnionofMalayYouthorKKM)respondedpositivelytotheJapanesepropagandathatpromisedbetterlivesforMalaysunderAsianPower.- MalaysweretreatedlessharshlybytheJapanesegovernment.Theydistributedrice,sugarandsalttothelessfortunateforHariRayaPuasa.MalaysandIndianswerealsochargedlowerfeesthantheChinesetocrossthecauseway. ImposingJapaneseCulture ● TeachingtheJapaneselanguage- TaughttospeakandwriteJapaneseinplaceofEnglish- Lessonswereconducteddailyovertheschools’broadcastingsystems.- JapaneseeducationauthoritiespublishedaseriesofNippon-goreadersforbeginnersandthebookswerefilledwithpraiseforJapan- AdultsalsohadtolearnNippon-go. ● CultivatingtheJapaneseSpirit- StudentshadtoSingtheJapaneseNationalAnthemandbowbeforethepictureoftheJapaneseEmperorbeforethedaybegan.- TheywerealsotaughttosingJapaneseFolksongs- Dailymassexerciseswereintroducedtothelocals.

- Broadcastwithinstructionsandrhythmicmusic.TheJapaneseemphasisedphysicaleducationtoinstildisciplineandpromotefitness.- SelectedyouthsalsoreceivedtrainingintraditionalJapanesemartialartssuchasKendoorJudotopropagatetheJapaneseSpiritinschools. WhatwasdailylifelikeundertheJapanese? Survival● Dealingwithshortages- Wardisruptedtrade;mostofthelimitedresourceswerechannelledtoJapan'swareffortratherthantothepeople.Resultedinashortageoffoodandessentials- Rice,saltandSugarwerestrictlyrationed,thelocalswerelimitedtoafixedquantityofessentialitemsthattheycouldobtainusingrationcoupons.- Shortageofitemsresultedinpricesincreasing.- AsAResult,pricesofessentialgoodsincreasedrapidlyovertime,causingdrasticinflation.- Theblackmarketflourisheddueto^^^,theJapanesegovernmentbeganprintingmoremoney,resultinginthedropofthevalueofthebananamoney.BytheendoftheJO,theybecameworthless. ● Diseaseanddeath- Healthcareandsanitation,whichwasnotaconcernforthecolonialgovernmentonlyworsenedduringJO.Thelocalpopulationwasalsoweakduetothefoodshortages.Thedeathratebetweenthistimeis130,000.- Primarycausesofdeathwere1.Beriberi2.Pneumonia3.Dysentery- POWsandtodealwithacuteovercrowding(spacemeantfor600fitted5000)- Ledtopoorhygieneandspreadofdiseases- POWswerealsoforcedlabour-madetoclearanywardamage,burythedeadandbuildJapanesememorialshrines.- ManyPOWsweremadetoworkonthe“siam-BurmaRailway”where16000diedduetohorrificconditions. ● Relocations- Encouragedtostriveforself-sufficiencybygrowingtheirownfoods.- Whenthisfailed,theJapaneseresortedtomovingpeoplefromSingaporetoincreaseAgriculturaloutput.- TheChinesewereencouragedtomovetotheEndauSettlementsinJohor,Thesoilwasrichandthewatersupplywasample,makingitsuitablefor

agriculture.Itbecameatownwithasmallchapel,abankandseveralcoffeeshops.However,attacksbybanditsandanti-Japaneseguerrillaslaterdisruptedthepeace- TheythencreatedtheBahausettlementforEurasiansandChineseRomanCatholics.Howeverthelandwastoohillyandthesoilwastoopoortosupportagriculture.Someresortedtoeatingmaggotsandrats,andmanyperished. LeisureandEntertainment ● Introducedradioprogrammes- ConsistsofJapaneseSongs,MalaymusicandnewsinhokkienandCantonese- Japanesemoviesanddocumentariesatcinemasandfreeopen-airscreeningsofpropagandashows. ● Encouragedsportsandculturalactivities- Toreducethestressofwartimeconditionsonthelocalpopulation- Noticesoffootball,baseball,tennisandbadmintonmatchesappearedalmosteverydayinthemedia.- BoxingmatchestookplaceatKimSengRoad,andthepolicebandperformedattheBotanicGardens. ● POWstryingtokeepspiritsup- Theyorganisedandparticipatedinsocial,religiousandsportingactivities- Theypublishedanewspaper,organisedtheatricalperformances,churchservicesandpaintingmuralsatChangiChapel HowdidthelocalsRespondtoJapaneseRule? Collaboration● SoughtthesupportoftheMalaysinadministeringJapaneseRule.- Policingandbeingpartofneighbourhoodassociationsthatwouldreportonsuspectedhostileactivityagainsttheregime ● OthergroupswerealsoenlistedtoassisttheJapaneseinestablishingorder- IncludessomeChinesewhobecameinformantsfortheKempeitaiduringOperationSookChing. Resistance● NoteveryonecooperatedwithoracceptedJapaneseRule- SevenseniorofficersoftheMalayaregimentrefusedtopledgeloyaltytoandfightforJapan.Theywereexecuted

● JoinedResistancessuchastheMalayanPeople’sAnti-JapaneseArmy(MPAJA)andForce136.- BothgroupswereattemptingtodrivetheJapaneseoutofSingaporeandactivelyworkedwiththeBritishtodoso- MPAJAwouldcarryoutsabotageattacksonJapaneseofficersandtheirmen.Alsoarousedanti-Japanesesentimentsbydistributinganti-Japanesenewspapersandposters.- Force136wassetupbytheBritishtogatherInformationabouttheJapaneseandalsoorganisesabotageactivities. ● LimBoSeng- Localbusinessman- Whenthewarbetween