S1 History Notes

IntroductionWhat ishistory?● StudyofthepastHistorian● Personwhostudiesthepast● TriestogiveanobjectiveinterpretationofitArcheologist● Personwhostudiesthepastbyusingartefactstodiscoverclues● HelpswiththestudyforhistoriansWhystudyhistory?● Understandwhatpeoplewentthrough● Makingconnectionsbetweenpastandpresenttoanticipatefuture● AcquirecriticalthinkingskillsTypesof historical sources● Textual/writtenaccountsuchasofficialdocuments,reports,letters,diaries● Oralaccounts● Interview● Artefact● Manmadestuffsuchascoins● Posters,photographs,drawingHistorical sources● Primary(1sthand)sourcesfromtimeofevent● Secondary(2ndhand)sourcesareinfothatanalyzetheevent● ThesesourcesusuallyuseseveralprimarysourcesandcompiletheinformationStagesof historical inquiry● Askquestions● Gathersources● Examinethesources● WritealogicalconclusionWhat ischronology● Arrangementofpasteventsaccordingtoorderinwhichtheytookplace● Helpshistoriansastheyplaceeventsintochronologicalordertobetterunderstandwhathappenedinatimeperiodinthepast● Canbedonebyarrangingeventsontheyeartheyoccurred● BCE-BeforeCommonEra● CE-CommonEra● AD-AnnoDomini(InTheYearofourLord)● BC(BeforeChrist)What isArcheology?● StudyofphysicalremainsofpasthumansocietiesKeyexcavationsitesinSingapore● Fortcanninghill(BukitLarang/ForbiddenHillasroyalfamilylivedthere)● Oldparliamenthouse● EmpresspalaceKeyfindings● Pottery(Chinese13-14thcentury)● Coins● Leadfigurine Chapter1● 1stmajormalayseamaritimekingdomSriVijaya(650-1377)

● WealthfrommaritimetradebetweenIndiaandChina○ Peoplelivenearthewater○ BuddistHindusWhydidSingaporeriseasatradingwhenSrivijayafell?● FallofSrivijaya● StrategiclocationalongStraitsofMelaka● TakingadvantageofmonsoonwindsRolesof OrangLaut● Goodnavalfightersandboatmen○ AbletoforcepassingshipstouseSingaporeasaharbour● SkilledingatheringproductsforsaleandforestsfortradeWhydidSingaporefall during15thcentury?● Severechangesinweatherpatterns● DroughtsandfamineinChina● Chineseeconomycollapsed● Chinesetradedeclined● LossofSingaporeanwealthin15thcentury● InvasionADBREAK—VASSAL● Avassalstateisanystatethathasamutualobligationtoasuperiorstateorempire● StatussimilartothatofavassalinthefeudalsysteminmedievalEurope● Mutualobligationbeingwomen,gold,silkContinued–invasionWhoinvadedSingapore?● Account1(MalayAnnals)--MajapahitEmpire(Indonesia)● Account2(Portuguesein1500)--KingdomofAyutthaya● LastkingofSingaporefledtoMelaka○ InAccount1Parameswaraisachief(daughterkilledandhumiliated)○ InAccount2ParameswaraisthelastkingofSingapore(killedpreviouskingcalledhimselfking)WhydidParameswarabuildMelaka?● Sawmousedeerfightinghishuntingdogs● Impressedbymousedeeranddecidedtobuildacitythere,namingitafterMelakatreeWhat ParameswaradidtoimprovetradeinMelaka?● Marriedamuslim,attractingmuslimtraders● MademelakaavassaltoChina(explainedinpreviousadbreak)● ChinawillthenprotectMelakafromrivalsWhat wasSingaporelikein15thcentury● OvershadowedbyMelaka● HometoOrangLautwhoweretheBackboneofMelaka’snavalforcesArrival of theEuropeans● Inthe15thCentury,Europeansarrived○ PortugueseAdmiralAlfonsoDeAlbuquerqueinvadedMelakain1511● SultanMahmudfledsouth,formingtheJohorSultanate○ 1striseofSingaporeindependentkingdom,2ndriseunderJohor-RiauSultanate● SingaporehadaShahbandar,whichwasrare● ShahbandarisagiventermforHarbourMaster● InchargefortradewithForeignMerchants● MetwithForeigntradersbeforetheyproceededuprivertoRiau○ HardtotellwhotheShahbandarwas○ VeryPrestigiouslikeMinister

● StationedinSingapore● SingaporewasaGatewayforJohorSultanateChineseTrade● Inthe1960sartifactsweredugupintheKallangRivertracedto16-17thcenturyChina○ ManyartifactsofsimilardesignfoundincapitalcitiesofJohorSultanate○ ReflectsSingaporeasgatewaytoJohorWhat causedSGtodeclineinthemid17thcentury?● Dutchexpansionsouth● TheydominatedSouthEastAsia● AlthoughtheyhadsettlementsinJohortheyestablishedabaseinBataviain1619● TookoverMelakafromPortuguesein1641○ Melakausedtodivertshipssouthandnotasatradingcentre● InsteadofusingSingaporeasafortlikeMelakaandJohortheyusedKarimunIslands○ KeytraderoutesmovedawayfromSingaporeAssasinationof SultanMahmudShahII● In1699hewasassassinatedbynoblemenforhiserraticbehaviour● Ashewaschildlessnoonewashissuccessor○ Ledtosuccessiondisputeleadingtochaos● MalaychiefsinRiauislandsgrewmorepowerfulandBintanreplacedJohorascentreofpower● AsthesultanatewastransformedSingaporelostitsinfluenceastherewasnoneedforaShahbandar● FinallySingaporeunderinfluenceofJohor-RiauSultanate,whichwasunderDutchinfluence● OranglautandMalayscontinuelivinginSingaporeTimelineCE682-SriVijayaDominatesCE1025-SriVijayaAttackedbyCholakingdomfromIndiaCE1299-SangNilaUtamafindsSingaporeCE1400-ParameswaramakesMelakaCE1490-1500-EuropeextendstoAsiaCE1511-MelakafallstoPortugueseCE1528-SultanAlaudianRiayatShah2makesJohorCE1600-1640-WarbetweenDutch,SpanishandPortugueseCE1619-DutchmakesbaseinBatavia(Jakarta)CE1641-MelakabecomesDutchCE1699-SultanMahmudShah2assasinatedCE650-1370-SriVijayaCE1290-1510-MajapahitCE1400-1511-MelakasultanateCE1511-1819-Johorsultanate Chapter2A● ThomasStamfordBingleyRafflesamanbornintheWestIndiesyetfoundfaceinEastIndies○ Sonofacaptainofashipbutwhenhewas9hisdadgotfired■ DadgotafriendtosponsorRafflestogoschoolinUK,butheranoutofmoney,soanotherfriendgaveRafflesajobatEIC(EastIndiaCompany)Cut to15+years● RafflesworkingforEICandknewkingofJohorwouldnevergivehimpermissiontobuildportinSingapore● SituationprettybadfortheBritish● SultanofJohorhas2sonsbuteldersonwasatweddingwhendaddiedsoyoungerbrotherbecamekingandyoungerbrotheralliedwithDutch● So,Rafflescrownedolderbrother(SultanHussein)kingsoRafflescanmakeaport

● Treatytomakeportsigned6Feb1819● Underthistreaty,RafflesgotpermissiontobuildatradingsettlementatthemouthoftheSingaporeRiver○ SultanHusseingiven5000spanishsilverdollar(3milintoday'smoney)ayear○ Policechief(Temenggong)AbdulRahmangiven3000spanishsilverdollarayearContext● Before1800EICAsianOperationswerelimitedtoIndia,withlargepartsofcolonizedbyBritain● EICgotaroyalcharterwhereonlytheycouldtradeWhydidtheBritsget involvedwithsoutheast asia?● ImportanceofIndia-Chinatrade○ EICfoundChinesegoodswerepopularandprofitableinEuropeandtheyneededtomaximiseaccesstoChinesegoods■ EICtradedwithChineseusingcottonandopiumfoundinIndiancoloniesandtheywerepopular,sotheymustprotectthistrade● BecamecleartoBritsthattheircontroloverindiachinatradedependedonseaassoutheastasiaformedcenterofmaritimetraderoute○ Interestinspicetrade,SoutheastAsiaprovidesspices■ Spicesgoodforcookingandmedicineandpreservingfood● PortugueseandDutchhadcontroloverspicetradeinseasincethelate15thcenturyandBritishwantedin○ Spicesincludenutmeg,clovesandcinnamon● DutchhasitsownEIC,theDutchEastIndiaCompanyorVOC,whichhashadamonopolyoverspicetradeforlongtime● DutchhascontroloverStraitsofMelakathroughMelakaandSundastraitsthroughBatavia,soBritishmustovercomedutchADBREAKWhydotheBritsnot invadetheDutch?● TheywerefriendsastheydefeatedNapoleonBonaparte○ BritishhavePenangandBencoolenwhicharenotsuitableasBencoolenisonthewrongsideofSumatraandPenangistoofarnorth○ DutchhaveBataviaandMelakaADBREAKSuccessiondisputeinJohor-RiauSultanate● TengkuHussein(Elder)● TengkuAbdulRahman(Younger)● Tengku=princeinmalayTreatiesHowdidtheBritishresolvethedisputeoverSingapore?Context ondutch● WeakenedbywarwithFrance,whichendedin1815,becomingbankruptandreliedontheBritsfinancially○ However,theBritsneededtheDutchagainstthemFrenchies1824AngloDutchTreaty/Treatyof London● On17March1824,theDutchwithdrewterritorialobjectionsagainstSingaporeandtheBrits○ MalayaandIndonesiadividedinto2spheresofinfluence■ BritishgetMalayaandSingapore■ DutchgetIndonesiaandeverythingsouthofsingapore1824Treatyof FriendshipandAlliance● On2August1824JohnCrawfurdsignedatreatywithSultanHussein○ BritishgotSingapore○ SultanandTemenggonggotmoremoney

1824Summary● MarkedendofMalayruleinSingaporeunderHussein● RoleofMalayleadersinSingaporereducedeveniftheystayinpalace● GrowthasaBritishportbegan Chapter2BWhat didtheBritishdobetween1819-1824?● JacksonTownPlanin1822○ EnsuredSingaporewasplannedorderlytominimiseconflictamongthepopulation○ Ensuredbuildi