2012 H2 Hist P1_H1 Hist

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2012 HISTORY 9731/1 HISTORY 8814/1 Paper 1: International History 1945-2000 Wednesday 29th August 2012 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST 1. Answer four questions. 2. You must answer Question 1 (Section A), and any three questions from Section B. 3. Enter the questions attempted in the table below. 4. Begin each question on a new sheet of paper. 5. Detach this cover page and staple your answers to the back of this page at the end of the examination 6. Fasten all your work securely together. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. NAME: CLASS: This question paper consists of 5 printed pages (including this page & 1 blank page) QUESTION NO. MARKS 1 /25 /25 /25 /25 TOTAL MARKS /100

Section A You must answer Question 1 The UN Security Council 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A In the Korean War, the initial authorization from the S ecurity Council by Resolution 83 of 27 June 1950 not only mandated the pushing back of North Korea to the thirty -eighth parallel but also added the ambiguous phrase 'and to restore international peace and security in the area'. The General Assembly gave th e mandate a potentially more offensive character by calling for steps to unify Korea and the UN forces did cross the thirty - eighth parallel. By contrast, the Coalition's military actions in the Gulf were mainly defensive, despite an equally ambiguous Security Council mandate, Resolution 678 of 29 November 1990, authorizing the enforcement of previous Council resolutions demanding the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait and the restoration of 'international peace and security to the area'. That the resolution seemed to allow offensive action shows that the mandates in both Korea and the Gulf were not simply condoning collective self - defence; they were authorizing UN enforcement. Such ambiguity gives the states taking the military action on behalf of the United Nations too much discretion. Events in both Korea and the Gulf illustrate the lack of accountability to the United Nations and its lack of control over the operations carried out in its name. Nigel D. White, From Korea to Kuwait: The Legal Basis of United Nations' Military Action, 1998 Source B Was it ironic fate, or a deep sense of the fundamental realities of its mission, which led the United Nations to choose for the slogan of its fifth anniversary: "There Shall Be Peace"? As the 1950 United Nations Day draws near, the blue and white banner of UN flies over an international police force, authorized and supported by fifty -three nations united in the common effort to stop a blatant military aggression which they all know to be sponsored by one of the two greatest powers in the world. Malik has proceeded to make full use of his powers as chairman to protest