2012 H2 Hist P1 H1 Hist

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2012 HISTORY 9731/1 HISTORY 8814/1 Paper 1: International History 1945-2000 Wednesday 29th August 2012 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST 1. Answer four questions. 2. You must answer Question 1 (Section A), and any three questions from Section B. 3. Enter the questions attempted in the table below. 4. Begin each question on a new sheet of paper. 5. Detach this cover page and staple your answers to the back of this page at the end of the examination 6. Fasten all your work securely together. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. NAME: CLASS: This question paper consists of 5 printed pages (including this page & 1 blank page) QUESTION NO. MARKS 1 /25 /25 /25 /25 TOTAL MARKS /100

Section A You must answer Question 1 The UN Security Council 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A In the Korean War, the initial authorization from the S ecurity Council by Resolution 83 of 27 June 1950 not only mandated the pushing back of North Korea to the thirty -eighth parallel but also added the ambiguous phrase 'and to restore international peace and security in the area'. The General Assembly gave th e mandate a potentially more offensive character by calling for steps to unify Korea and the UN forces did cross the thirty - eighth parallel. By contrast, the Coalition's military actions in the Gulf were mainly defensive, despite an equally ambiguous Security Council mandate, Resolution 678 of 29 November 1990, authorizing the enforcement of previous Council resolutions demanding the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait and the restoration of 'international peace and security to the area'. That the resolution seemed to allow offensive action shows that the mandates in both Korea and the Gulf were not simply condoning collective self - defence; they were authorizing UN enforcement. Such ambiguity gives the states taking the military action on behalf of the United Nations too much discretion. Events in both Korea and the Gulf illustrate the lack of accountability to the United Nations and its lack of control over the operations carried out in its name. Nigel D. White, From Korea to Kuwait: The Legal Basis of United Nations' Military Action, 1998 Source B Was it ironic fate, or a deep sense of the fundamental realities of its mission, which led the United Nations to choose for the slogan of its fifth anniversary: "There Shall Be Peace"? As the 1950 United Nations Day draws near, the blue and white banner of UN flies over an international police force, authorized and supported by fifty -three nations united in the common effort to stop a blatant military aggression which they all know to be sponsored by one of the two greatest powers in the world. Malik has proceeded to make full use of his powers as chairman to protest against any further positive action on the Korean crisis by the Security Council, but he has not been able to stop the strong stand already taken in his absence. The USSR itself, in an earlier incident, had established the rule that absence sho uld not be considered as a veto . It is true t hat the Soviet spokesman has exploited to the utmost the propaganda value of his Council seat as a forum to reach the public opinion of the world An appraisal of the UN on its 50th anniversary by the Chief of the European Section, Division of International Educational Relations, United States. Source C The reality is that for much of the world, the UN has carried the stam p of legitimacy and consensus. In this respect a decision by the United Nations, including the legally binding decisions of the Security Council under Chapter VII, may be more acceptable to other governments than pressure from any single nation or group of nations. That is why Israel

and Lebanon and the United States and Europe all turned to the Security Council to pass a resolution establishing a buffer zone, however imperfect, in southern Lebanon. The Security Council is also no longer the crippled institution of the Cold War. The UN now deploys some 70,000 forces in sixteen countries on five continents. Its military operations are second only to the overseas deployments of the United States. The quality of troops is uneven, and UN peacekeepers are still saddled with Security Council mandates they cannot possibly fulfil. But the picture is much improved from the traumatic period of the 1990s. Senior fellow on the Council on Foreign Relation in a debate on the effectiveness of the UN Security Council. Source D Indeed, published statements about the United Nations by spokesmen for the executive branch suggest that the Security Council has even improved its image in recent years, primarily because of its peacekeeping performance in the Middle East. This has been a particularly fortunate development for U.S. -UN relations, coming at a time when anti -Israel and Third World voting majorities in the General Assembly have started the most severe "crisis of confidence" in the United N ations. It is a significant dev elopment because it flies in the face of a long -range trend toward generally diminished importance of UN political and security functions in U.S. foreign policy . This modest resurgence by the Security Council might not be highly significant standing alone; but in context of declining UN relevance and favour generally, the Security Council provides an important justification for continued U.S. support of the United Nations. Robert E. Riggs, International Studies Quarterly, 1978. Source E The lead time required to deploy a mission varies, and depends primarily upon the will of the Member states to contribute troops to a particular operation. The timely availability of financial resources and strategic lift capacity also affect the time necessary for deployment . In 1973, for example, elements of the second UN Emergency Force (UNEF II) were deployed in the Middle East within 24 hours. However, for some missions with highly complex mandates or difficult logistics, or where peacekeepers face significant risks, it m ay take months to assemble and deploy the necessary elements. During this process, intensive contacts take place among member states, the Secretariat and the parties on the ground, m embers of the Security Council, particularly the five permanent members, and countries contributing personnel play a particularly important role. Regional arrangements are also often involved. Consultation begins with the planning stage of an operation and continues throughout its duration. Official UN website, www.un.org Now answer the following question: How far do Sources A-E show that the United Nations Security Council have been crucial in ensuring the effectiveness of United Nations?

Section B You must answer three questions from this section 2. How far do you agree that US attempts to assert its influence over Western Europe caused the Cold War? 3. “The collapse of the USSR was inevitable, it could not withstand the rising tide of nationalistic sentiments that emerged in the late 1980s” How far do you agree with the above statement? 4. Assess the reasons for the growth of the global economy from 1945 to 1973. 5. To what extent do you agree that the problems of the Japanese economy stemmed from excessive government intervention? 6. “The outcome was more chaotic than peace” To what extent is the statement accurate in describing the Middle East Peace Process from 1978 to 2000? [END]