P1 NJC 2019 END OF THE COLD WAR

1 NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE 2019 SH2 Preliminary Examination HIGHER 2 HISTORY 9752/01 Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945 -2000) 27 August 2019 3 Hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and registration number on the question paper and in the space provided on the Answer Booklet. Write ONLY in dark blue or black ink. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. Write your answers on the Answer Booklet(s) provided. Start each question on a fresh page, and label your answers clearly according to the question number. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This question paper consists of 5 printed pages

2 Section A THE END OF THE COLD WAR 1. Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A When I agreed to assume the office of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Central Committee, I realized that we could no longer live as before. Those who were then governing the country knew what was really happening to it. They saw that our society was running the risk of falling hopelessly behind the technologically advanced part of the world. Total domination of centrally-managed state property, militarized industries that drained off our best, and the unbearable burden of military expenditures. As a result, one of the richest countries in the world was already sliding downwards. As for the foreign policy aspect, both the East and the West were constrained by the logic of military confrontation, wearing themselves down more and more by the arms race. [So] we proposed a different policy. We proposed New Thinking in foreign policy. Gorbachev's Nobel Peace Prize Lecture, delivered on 5 June 1991. Source B I intend to remind them that it was the West which now proposes a 50 percent cut in strategic ballistic missiles and the elimination of an entire class of land-based, intermediate-range nuclear missiles. At the same time, [the Soviets] must be made to understand: we will never compromise our principles and standards [or] give away our freedom. And we will never stop searching for a genuine peace, but we can assure none of these things America stands for through the so-called nuclear freeze solutions proposed by some. The truth is that a freeze now would be a very dangerous fraud, for that is merely the illusion of peace. The reality is that we must find peace through strength. I would agree to a freeze if only we could freeze the Soviets’ global desires. I urge you to beware the temptation label[ling] both sides equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply cal l the arms race a giant misunderstanding. Reagan’s address to the American public on 8 March 1983.

3 Source C Gorbachev inherited an Eastern Europe whose seeming calm concealed serious problems beneath the surface. While the challenge posed by Solidarity in Poland had been successfully contained with the imposition of martial law in December 1981, yet, throughout Eastern Europe, severe economic problems, rising social discontent, and political stagnation among the aging party leaderships created an unstable situation. When Gorbachev assumed power in 1985, Eastern Europe had endured nearly a decade of economic decline and stagnation. These took a heavy toll on standards of living. In Romania and Poland, shortages of energy and basic foodstuffs raised the prospects of economically induced political instability; elsewhere, problems were less disastrous but still pressing Excerpt of a CIA memorandum from May 1988. Source D Bush: Helmut! I am calling at the end of this historic day to wish you well. Kohl: Things are going very well. There were one million people here last night at the very spo t where the Wall used to stand – and where President Reagan called on Mr. Gorbachev to open this gate. Our President said that our gratitude was owed especially to our Allied friends , and above all our American friends. I share that view. When the parliamentary declaration is made, it will say that all American Presidents from Harry Truman all the way to our friend George Bush made this possible. I would like to thank you again for all your support for us. Bush: I want you to know what pride we have in standing by the German people. Conversation between President Bush and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, 3 October 1990. Source E Only the Poles had engaged in recent mass opposition to communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Solidarity movement of 1980-1981, although a trade union in form, involved cooperation between intellectuals and workers, and between the Roman Catholic Church and secular left-wing activists. Its leaders, including Lech Walesa, all gained substantial experience in politics before the communist regime imposed martial law in December 1981. It was they who were best prepared to take advantage of the New Th inking of Mikhail Gorbachev. When Gorbachev announced in December 1988 that the Soviet Union would no longer defend communism in its satellite states by force, Poland’s communists were the first to test the waters. Oppositionists from Solidarity agreed to take part in round-table talks with the communist leadership, which prepared the way for partially free elections in June 1989. Solidarity won a resounding victory, and formed a government that September. These changes set the example that was then followed in Hungary, then East Germany, then Czechoslovakia. Excerpt of an article by a historian, published in 2009.

4 Source F * The caption translates to, ‘Just do not look!’ ** “Solidarnosc” translates to “Solidarity”. *** “DDR” is an acronym for “Deutsche Demokratische Republik”, i.e. East Germany. **** “Roemen(ie)” refers to Romania. ***** “CSSR” refers to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Cartoon published in a West German newspaper, 1981. Now answer the following questions: a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources A and B on the nuclear arms race. [10m] b) To what extent do Sources A -F support the view that the Cold War ended due to circumstances outside of Gorbachev’s control? [30m]

5 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2. “Trade liberalisation: boon or bane?” Discuss with reference to the global economy between 1945 and 2000. [30] OR 3. Assess the view that the causes of the economic miracles of South Korea and Taiwan from the 1970s to 1990 were more similar than different. [30] AND EITHER 4. How fair is it to argue that the United Nations has been able to remain relevant in its role of maintaining international peace and security between 1945 – 2000? [30] OR 5. "It was the actions of the United States that compromised the effectiveness of the International Court of Justice .” Evaluate the validity of this statement between 1945 – 2000. [30] -------------------------------------------END OF PAPER-----------------------------------------------

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