P1 TMJC 2019 Cuban Missile Crisis

Tampines Meridian Junior College 2019 JC2 Prelim H2 History CANDIDATE NAME CIVICS GROUP H2 HISTORY 9752/01 Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945-2000) 19 September 2019 3 hours Additional material Answer booklets READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and Civics Group in the spaces at the top of the page. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. __________________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages. JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION TAMPINES MERIDIAN JUNIOR COLLEGE For Examiners’ Use 1 a 1 b Total

2 Tampines Meridian Junior College 2019 JC2 Prelim H2 History SECTION A You must answer Question 1. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1 Read the sources and then answer the questions which follow. Source A Our purpose has been and is to help Cuba, and no one can challenge the humanity of our motives aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire. You want to relieve your country from danger and this is understandable. However, Cuba also wants this. All countries want to relieve your country from danger. But how can we the Soviet Union and our government, assess your action which, in effect, mean that you have surrounded the Soviet Union with military bases, surrounded our allies with military bases, set up military bases literally around our country, and stationed your rocket weapons at them? This is no secret. High -placed American officials demonstratively declare thi s. Your rockets are stationed in Britain and in Italy and pointed at us. Your rockets are stationed in Turkey. Extracted from a letter of Khrushchev to Kennedy, 26 October 1962. Source B Political Cartoon published on 5 September 1962. shovel

3 Tampines Meridian Junior College 2019 JC2 Prelim H2 History Source C To: Mr. Fidel Castro 1. The US has full info rmation on the missile bases being constructed in Pino del Mar province. Medium range missiles capable of reaching a substantial portion of US territory and most of the countries in the Caribbean area are being installed at three sites. They obviously have no use except with nuclear heads. It also seems clear that they can only be operated by Soviet military, not Cubans. 2. The US will have to inform its people of the threat which now exists in Cuba within the next day and what it and its allies intend to do about it in conformity with the requirements of our security as previously mentioned. Unless it can receive assurances from you prior to that time that you will not tolerate this misuse of Cuban territory, measures of vital significance for the future of Cuba will have to be initiated. Extracted from a draft of a letter to Fidel Castro by the Executive Committee of advisors to President Kennedy, 17 October 1962. Source D Historians assumed, for many years, that it was this—having his Potemkin façade ripped away [by U-2 spy planes]—that drove Khrushchev into a desperate attempt to recover by sending intermediate- and medium-range missiles, which he did have in abundance, to Cuba in 1962… It is clear now, though, that this was not Khrushchev's principal reason for acting as he did… Khrushchev intended his m issile deployment chiefly as an effort, improbable as this might seem, to spread revolution throughout Latin America. He and his advisers had been surprised, but then excited, and finally exhilarated when a Marxist -Leninist insurgency seized power in Cuba on its own, without all the pushing and prodding the Soviets had had to do to install communist regimes in Eastern Europe. US historian, The Cold War: A New History, 2005. Source E We have had no plan to invade Cuba. We must get their missiles out. What exchange possible is not known, but getting the missiles out is the object of our policy. The alternatives were air strike or invasion. These may be necessary but going completely into Cuba now invites Khrushchev to take action in Berlin. … Khrushchev is playing a double game. He said he wasn't going to do anything until after the election. He said weapons in Cuba were not offensive. It is obvious that he was attempting to surprise u s in November with a bad situation. The build -up in Cuba, if completed, would double the number of missiles the Soviets could bring to bear on the U.S. They would also overcome our warning system which does not face south. Furthermore, the short distance involving short times of flight would tempt them to make a first strike. Some action was necessary. It could result in WW III; we could lose Berlin. Extract from a telephone conversation between President Kennedy and British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, 22 October 1962.

4 Tampines Meridian Junior College 2019 JC2 Prelim H2 History Source F …here was the danger of a surprise attack on certain military installations. We decided not to sit back and wait for a surprise attack, with our detection radar turned off, when the potentially aggressive planes flying with impunity over the targets could d estroy them totally. We didn't think we should allow that after all the efforts and expenses incurred in and, in addition, because it would weaken us greatly, militarily and morally. For that reason, on October 24 the Cuban forces mobilized 50 antiaircraft batteries, our entire reserve then, to provide support to the Soviet forces' positions. If we sought to avoid the risks of a surprise attack, it was necessary for Cuban artillerymen to have orders to shoot. The Soviet command can furnish you with additional reports of what happened to the plane that was shot down. Earlier, airspace violations were carried out de facto and furtively. Yesterday the American government tried to make official the privilege of violating our airspace at any hour of the day and night. We cannot accept that, as it would be tantamount to giving up a sovereign prerogative. Letter from Castro to Khrushchev, 28 October 1962. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources C and D that the Cuban Missile Crisis was an extension of the arms race between the superpowers. [10] (b) How far do Sources A – F support the assertion that the outbreak of the Cuban Missile Crisis was caused by US’s desire to protect its interests? [30]

5 Tampines Meridian Junior College 2019 JC2 Prelim H2 History SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 To what extent was Japan’s post -war recovery critical to the Golden Age of Capitalism? [30] OR 3 How far do external factors determine the success of Taiwanese and So uth Korean economies from 1970 to 1990? [30] AND EITHER 4 Evaluate the view that the United Nations General Assembly was a mere talk shop. [30] OR 5 How far do you agree that the UN effectively adapted to overcome the challenges posed by great power politics? [30]