P1 YIJC 2019 END OF THE COLD WAR

©YIJC [Turn over YISHUN INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGEJC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONHigher 2CANDIDATENAME CG INDEX NO HISTORYPaper 1: Shaping the International Order (1945-2000)Additional Materials: Writing paper & cover sheet9752/014 September 20193 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTWrite your name, class, and question number on the cover page and writing paper provided.Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid/tapeSection AAnswer Question 1.Section BAnswer two QuestionsAt the end of the examination, please fasten all your work securely together with a cover sheet on top. Secure your work with the string provided.The number of marks is given in the brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page.

2 ©YIJC [Turn over Section AYou must answer Question 1. THE END OF THE COLD WAR1Read the sources and answer the questions which follow:Source AThe one-time movie actor accomplished something no one had been able to do. He won the Cold War—without firing a shot. When Reagan took office in 1980, the world had existed for decades under the threat of nuclear holocaust between communism and democracy. The two superpowers had steadily growing arsenals of incredible destructive power. Early on in his presidency, Reagan moved to hone the nation’s defenses to razor edge. That military buildup, together with spending billions on the so-called “Star Wars” defense program, forced the Soviets into a more heated effort to stay ahead of the United States in the arms race. Reagan’s continuing military buildup sowed the seeds of the ultimate end of communism in the Soviet Union and also the Cold War. As it turned out, Russia lost, bankrupting itself in the process. The spending exposed the many cracks in the Soviet Union’s monolithic tyranny and led ultimately to its total collapse. Was it worth it? Of course. It must be.Extract from a conservative newspaper in the USA, August 1992. Source BNuclear disarmament is to make strategic defence real for all citizens of planet Earth. Let us speak of our deepest longing for the future: to leave our children a land that is free and just and a world at peace. It is my hope that our fireside summit in Geneva and Mr Gorbachev’s upcoming visit to America can lead to a more stable relationship. But we cannot stroll into the future with childlike faith. Our differences with the Soviet system that openly proclaims and practices an alleged right to command people’s lives and to export its ideology by force are deep and abiding. However, logic and history compel us to attempt to ease these tensions for the sake of humanity. Our negotiators in Geneva have proposed a radical cut in offensive forces by each side with no cheating. They have made clear that Soviet compliance with the letter and spirit of agreements is essential. If the Soviet Government wants an agreement that truly reduces nuclear arms, there will be such an agreement.Extracted from Ronald Reagan’s speech to Congress in 1986. Source CThe chief architect of the Soviet collapse was Mikhail Gorbachev himself. The policy of glasnost relaxed bureaucratic controls on information, broadened the parameters of permitted discussion and thereby enabled the people of the Soviet Union to say more, hear more and learn more about their past and present. Gorbachev’s purpose had been to enlist the intelligentsia in his campaign to revitalize the country and to generate popular pressure on the party apparatus, which had resisted the changes he was trying to make. He plainly wanted to encourage criticism of his predecessor, Leonid Brezhnev, and to resume the campaign against Stalin that Nikita Khrushchev had launched but that Brezhnev had ended. Glasnost, however, did not just stop there. Instead Glasnost, called all of it into question, including, ultimately the role of the Soviet Union to lay claim to the public sphere after seven decades of exile from it.An extract from an American foreign professor, 1992.

3 ©YIJC [Turn over Source D If the Second Cold War was generated by a change in US policy, it was a change in Soviet political thinking that brought about the end of the Cold War...Gorbachev’s new approach took the international community by surprise. Its impact was to have far-reaching consequences for the Soviet Union, its satellite states and ultimately stripped away preconditions of Cold War conflict…Gorbachev’s aim was to make the Soviet system more productive and responsive. He recognized that in order to achieve this military spending had to be reduced. This could be done only if arms limitation talks with the USA were reopened…An indication of Gorbachev’s new approach to the West was the replacement of veteran Foreign Minister Gromyko with Eduard Shevardnadze. Gorbachev and Shevardnadze launched a charm offensive on the West with their new political thinking. Margaret Thatcher had met Gorbachev in 1984 and declared, ‘This is a man whom I can do business.’… When George Bush replaced Reagan as US President in 1989, Soviet actions had convinced the US government that Gorbachev could be trusted.Steve Philips, The Cold War, 2001. Source E Cartoon by British political cartoonist Nicholas Garland, 9 December 1988.Source FWe are now living in a new world. And end has been put to the Cold War and to the arms race, as well as to the mad militarization of the country, which has crippled our economy, public attitudes and morals. The threat of nuclear war has been removed.Once again I would like to stress that during this transitional period, I did everything that needed to be done to ensure that there was reliable control of nuclear weapons. We opened up ourselves to the rest of the world, abandoned the practices of interfering in others’ internal affairs and using troops outside this country.

4 ©YIJC [Turn over We have become one of the key strongholds in terms of restructuring modern civilization on a peaceful democratic basis. The nations of peoples of this country have acquired the right to freely choose their format for self-determination.Extracted from Gorbachev’s farewell address to the Soviet Union, December 1991.Now answer the following questions:a)Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources A and B on Reagan’s foreign policy towards the USSR. [10] b)How far do Sources A – F support the assertion that Gorbachev ended the Cold War? [30]

5 ©YIJC [Turn over Section BYou must answer two questions from this section.EITHER2.Assess the reasons that contributed to the ‘crisis decades’ experienced by the global economy from the 1970s to 1980s. [30] OR3.‘The role of the government was the main reason for the rise of Taiwan as an economic miracle.’ How far do you agree with this view from the 1970s to 1990? [30]AND EITHER4.Evaluate the reasons that hindered the United Nations’ ability to maintain international security from 1945 to 2000. [30] OR5.‘The International Court of Justice was a failure in resolving international disputes from 1945 to 2000.’ Do you agree?